肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成,称为二肽;包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下,含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽,则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中,在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。
例如,谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基,参与体内氧化还原反应;多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等,均属于多肽类,通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成,控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。
近年来,在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽(五肽)。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质,具备强大的抗菌能力。此外,多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言,含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽;而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。
在命名时,通常按照从氨基末端(N端)到羧基末端(C端)的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成,命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。
肽广泛存在于动植物组织中,并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明,几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽,这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关,因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。
生物活性肽种类繁多,例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽,催产素为九肽,而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因,在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基,神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | Modimelanotide | 926277-68-1 | C113H181N33O25S |
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—— | H-Leu-arg-ala-his-ala-val-asp-val-asn-gly-NH2 | —— | C44H75N17O13 |
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—— | (2R)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-acetamido-3-naphthalen-2-ylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-pyridin-3-ylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoic acid | 119018-01-8 | C73H96ClN17O15 |
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—— | mu-Conotoxin K IIIA | 884469-67-4 | C70H106N28O22S6 |
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—— | (2R)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-acetamido-3-naphthalen-2-ylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-pyridin-3-ylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-3-(6-nitro-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]propanoic acid | 101707-87-3 | C72H92ClN19O15 |
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—— | Atilmotin | 533927-56-9 | C86H134N20O19 |
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—— | Isoleucinegramicidin A | 5536-03-8 | C100H142N20O17 |
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—— | Isoleucinegramicidin C | 64765-31-7 | C98H141N19O18 |
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—— | Isoleucinegramicidin B | 6377-07-7 | C98H141N19O17 |
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—— | 18-34-Gastrin I (pig), 18-(5-oxo-l-proline)-22-l-leucine-, ammonium salt | 16904-51-1 | C97H127N21O31S |
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—— | 4-[[2-[[88-[[5-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-6-[[2-[[2-[[5-amino-2-[[4-amino-2-[[2-[(2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl)amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(4H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-47-[(3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl)carbamoyl]-53-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-62-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-77-butan-2-yl-24,56-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-83-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12,71,80-tris(hydroxymethyl)-33,50,65-tris[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-(4H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-27-methyl-18,30,36,59,68-pentakis(2-methylpropyl)-7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,87-hexacosaoxo-21,39-di(propan-2-yl)-3,4,44,45,90,91-hexathia-8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,86-hexacosazabicyclo[72.11.7]dononacontane-42-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-[[1-[[2-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[2-[[6-amino-1-[(1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid;zinc | —— | C257H383N65O77S6Zn |
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—— | H-Phe-Val-Asn-Gln-His-Leu-Cys-Gly-Ser-His-Leu-Val-Glu-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Val-Cys-Gly-Glu-Arg-Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Thr-Lys-Pro-Thr-OH.H-Gly-Ile-Val-Glu-Gln-Cys-Cys-Thr-Ser-Ile-Cys-Ser-Leu-Tyr-Gln-Leu-Glu-Asn-Tyr-Cys-Asn-OH | —— | C257H389N65O77S6 |
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—— | 5-[1-[1-[1-[1-[1-[[6-amino-1-[1-[1-[5-amino-1-[1-[1-[5-amino-1-[5-amino-1-[1-[1-[1-[4-amino-1-[1-[6-amino-1-[1-[1-[1-[1-[(1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]imino-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]imino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-hydroxypentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-oxobutan-2-yl]imino-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-5-oxopentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-5-oxopentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-5-oxopentan-2-yl]imino-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylsulfanylbutan-2-yl]imino-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-yl]imino-1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl]imino-4-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[1-[1-[2-[[5-amino-2-[(2-amino-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene)amino]-1-hydroxy-5-oxopentylidene]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-phenylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-hydroxypentylidene]amino]-5-hydroxypentanoic acid | —— | C205H339N59O63S |
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—— | 4-[[2-[[88-[[5-amino-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-6-[[2-[[2-[[5-amino-2-[[4-amino-2-[[2-[(2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl)amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-47-[(3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl)carbamoyl]-53-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-62-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-77-butan-2-yl-24,56-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-83-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12,71,80-tris(hydroxymethyl)-33,50,65-tris[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-27-methyl-18,30,36,59,68-pentakis(2-methylpropyl)-7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,87-hexacosaoxo-21,39-di(propan-2-yl)-3,4,44,45,90,91-hexathia-8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,86-hexacosazabicyclo[72.11.7]dononacontane-42-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-[[1-[[2-[[1-[[1-[[1-[[1-[2-[[6-amino-1-(1-carboxyethylamino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | —— | C256H381N65O76S6 |
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—— | Mastoparan-7 | —— | C67H124N18O15 |
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—— | Alloferon 3 | 347884-63-3 | C42H63N17O13 |
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—— | Asn-Val-Leu-His-Phe-Phe-Asn-Ala-Pro-Leu | 340682-40-8 | C57H82N14O13 |
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—— | RGDSPASSKP | —— | C40H68N14O16 |
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—— | Mytilus small cardioactive peptide | 150213-97-1 | C56H85N15O12 |
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—— | Circulin B | 20905-50-4 | C52H98N16O13 |
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—— | Ac-Aib-Asn-Leu-Ile-Aib-Pro-Iva-Leu-Aib-Pro-Leu-OMe | 183680-26-4 | C58H100N12O14 |
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—— | Bacitracin A | 1405-87-4 | C66H103N17O16S |
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—— | H-D-Phe-Pro-Val-Orn(Boc)(Boc)-Leu-D-Phe-Pro-Val-Orn(Boc)(Boc)-Leu-OH | 1054661-52-7 | C70H110N12O15 |
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—— | [Ile<sup>7</sup>]-polymyxin B<sub>1</sub> | 811435-10-6 | C56H98N16O13 |
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—— | α-conotoxin S I | 133605-58-0 | C55H84N16O16S4 |
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—— | Unii-goo6T4M85U | 735329-33-6 | C60H93N17O14 |
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—— | (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-acetamidoacetyl)amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-amino-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-6-aminohexanoic acid | 901117-03-1 | C46H75N13O15 |
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—— | Tanurmotide | 907596-28-5 | C51H80N14O15S |
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—— | H-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Cha-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 | 79820-90-9 | C63H104N18O13S |
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—— | H-Tyr-Ile-Ile-Lys-Gly-Val-Phe-Trp-Asp-Pro-Ala-Cys-OH | 129164-74-5 | C69H98N14O16S |
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—— | YIIKGVFWDPAC-OMe | 131509-64-3 | C70H100N14O16S |
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—— | Pyr-Asn-Trp-Pro-His-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro | 35115-62-9 | C57H77N15O14 |
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—— | Boc-Aib-Pro-Aib-Ala-Aib-Ala-Gln-Aib-Val-Aib-Gly-OBzl | 294844-12-5 | C55H88N12O15 |
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—— | Boc-Aib-Pro-Aib-Ala-Aib-Ala-Gln-Aib-Val-Aib-Gly-OH | 294844-13-6 | C48H82N12O15 |
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—— | Bacitracin methylenedisalicylic acid | 55852-84-1 | C81H117N17O23S |
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—— | Ac-Met-allylGly-Ile-Lys-Pro-His-Gln-Gly-Gln-allylGly-Ile-NH2 | 1294010-77-7 | C58H95N17O14S |
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—— | Ac-allylGly-Arg-Ile-Lys-Pro-His-Gln-Gly-Gln-His-allylGly-NH2 | 1294010-85-7 | C59H94N22O14 |
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—— | Ac-Met-allylGly-Ile-Lys-Pro-His-Gly-Gln-allylGly-Ile-NH2 | 1294010-79-9 | C53H87N15O12S |
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—— | Ac-Met-Arg-allylGly-Lys-Pro-His-Gln-Gly-allylGly-His-Ile-NH2 | 1294010-87-9 | C59H95N21O13S |
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—— | Ac-Met-allylGly-Ile-Lys-Pro-His-Gln-Gln-allylGly-Ile-NH2 | 1294010-82-4 | C56H92N16O13S |
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—— | cyclopropylcarbonyl-[azaGly<sup>51</sup>,Arg(Me)<sup>53</sup>,Trp<sup>54</sup>]metastin(50-54) | 872718-64-4 | C38H53N11O6 |
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—— | cell-penetrating peptide Tat (AA 48-60) | 337516-13-9 | C70H132N36O15 |
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—— | octanoyl-Aib-Lys-Leu-Aib-Lys-Lys-Leu-Aib-Lys-Ile-Leu-ol | 1359857-08-1 | C68H131N15O12 |
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—— | octanoyl-Aib-Gly-Leu-Aib-Lys-Lys-Leu-Aib-Gly-Ile-Leu-ol | 1359857-06-9 | C60H113N13O12 |
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—— | His-[2-amino-iso-butyryl]-Glu-Gly-Thr-[(L)-α-methyl-(2,6-difluorophenyl)alanyl]-Thr-Ser-Asp-[2-amino-3-(2'-ethyl-4'-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)propanoyl]-[2-amino-3-(2'-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)propanoyl]-NH2 | 516521-28-1 | C76H94F2N14O19 |
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—— | octanoyl-Aib-Gly-Leu-Aib-Gly-Lys-Leu-Aib-Gly-Ile-Leu-ol | 1359857-04-7 | C56H104N12O12 |
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—— | octanoyl-Aib-Lys-Leu-Aib-Lys-Aib-Leu-Aib-Lys-Ile-Leu-ol | 1359857-07-0 | C66H126N14O12 |
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—— | octanoyl-Aib-Gly-Leu-Aib-Lys-Gly-Leu-Aib-Gly-Ile-Leu-ol | 1359857-03-6 | C56H104N12O12 |
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—— | His-[2-amino-iso-butyryl]-Glu-Gly-Thr-[(L)-α-methylphenylalanyl]-Thr-Ser-Asp-[2-amino-3-(2'-ethyl-4'-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)propanoyl]-[2-amino-3-(2'-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)propanoyl]-NH2 | 516518-26-6 | C76H96N14O19 |
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—— | His-[2-amino-iso-butyryl]-Glu-Gly-Thr-[(L)-α-methyl-(2-fluorophenyl)alanyl]-Thr-Ser-Asp-[2-amino-3-(2'-ethyl-4'-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)propanoyl]-[2-amino-3-(2'-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)propanoyl]-NH2 | 516518-88-0 | C76H95FN14O19 |
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