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    首页 分子通 按分子结构分类 有机化合物 有机聚合物 多肽

    多肽

    肽是由两个或两个以上氨基酸通过脱水缩合形成的化合物。最简单的肽由两个氨基酸构成，称为二肽；包含多个氨基酸的肽则被称为多肽。通常情况下，含有50个及以上氨基酸单位的多肽，则归类为蛋白质。肽广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中，在生物体内的生长发育、细胞分化、大脑活动、肿瘤病变、免疫防御、生殖控制以及抗衰老等方面都扮演着重要角色。

    例如，谷胱甘肽是某些酶的重要辅基，参与体内氧化还原反应；多种激素如催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素及促肾上腺皮质激素等，均属于多肽类，通过调节机体代谢发挥作用。下丘脑分泌的激素调节因子也是由多肽构成，控制着其他内分泌腺释放激素的过程。

    近年来，在高等动物的大脑中发现了具有镇痛作用的脑啡肽（五肽）。许多抗生素如多粘菌素、短杆菌肽等也是肽类物质，具备强大的抗菌能力。此外，多肽是指通过肽键连接形成的一系列氨基酸单位构成的长链结构。一般而言，含有数十个或更少氨基酸单位的多肽称为肽；而更多氨基酸单位组成的则被称为蛋白质。

    在命名时，通常按照从氨基末端（N端）到羧基末端（C端）的顺序书写。如Ser·Gly·Try·Ala·Leu这个五肽由5个氨基酸残基和4个肽键组成，命名为丝氨酰甘氨酰酪氨酰丙氨酰亮氨酸。

    肽广泛存在于动植物组织中，并且其中许多具有特殊生物活性的功能性肽统称为生物活性肽。近年来的研究表明，几乎所有重大生命科学理论——包括免疫防御、生殖控制、肿瘤病变和抗衰防老等——均涉及相关的活性肽，这些理论与临床医学实践密切相关，因此生物活性肽在实际应用中也具有重要价值。

    生物活性肽种类繁多，例如促肾上腺皮质激素为39肽，催产素为九肽，而两种重要的脑啡肽均为五肽。许多抗菌素也是由肽类物质构成的。生长因子则受控于基因，在细胞发育过程中起到调节和控制作用。表皮生长因子含有50个氨基酸残基，神经生长因子则由118个氨基酸组成。

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— H-Thr-Val-His-Leu-Asn-Gly-Ile-Gly-Ser-Thr-Leu-Thr-Asp-Thr-Leu-OH —— C66H112N18O24
    H-Thr-Val-His-Leu-Asn-Gly-Ile-Gly-Ser-Thr-Leu-Thr-Asp-Thr-Leu-OH
    —— H-D-Lys-D-Val-Gly-D-Trp-D-Leu-D-aIle-D-Gln-D-Leu-D-Phe-D-His-D-Lys-D-Lys-OH —— C74H117N19O14
    H-D-Lys-D-Val-Gly-D-Trp-D-Leu-D-aIle-D-Gln-D-Leu-D-Phe-D-His-D-Lys-D-Lys-OH
    —— H-Met-Leu-Leu-Ile-Trp-Val-Phe-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu-Thr-Thr-Asp-OH —— C82H129N15O19S
    H-Met-Leu-Leu-Ile-Trp-Val-Phe-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu-Thr-Thr-Asp-OH
    —— H-Arg-Arg-Arg-Pro-Arg-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg-OH —— C65H110N26O13
    H-Arg-Arg-Arg-Pro-Arg-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg-OH
    —— (4S)-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(3S,6S,10S)-10-carbamoyl-2,5-dioxo-3-propan-2-yl-1,4-diazecan-6-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid —— C55H90N16O18
    (4S)-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(3S,6S,10S)-10-carbamoyl-2,5-dioxo-3-propan-2-yl-1,4-diazecan-6-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
    —— H-Met-Asp-Gly-Gly-Val-Gly-Thr-Lys-Leu-Asn-Asn-Glu-OH —— C49H83N15O20S
    H-Met-Asp-Gly-Gly-Val-Gly-Thr-Lys-Leu-Asn-Asn-Glu-OH
    —— H-Met-Ile-Leu-Phe-Thr-Met-Phe-Ile-Leu-Ala-Gly-Trp-OH —— C72H107N13O14S2
    H-Met-Ile-Leu-Phe-Thr-Met-Phe-Ile-Leu-Ala-Gly-Trp-OH
    —— H-Lys-Gln-Ser-Val-Val-Ile-Val-Gly-Arg-Ile-Ile-Leu-Ser-Gly-Arg-Lys-OH —— C78H145N25O20
    H-Lys-Gln-Ser-Val-Val-Ile-Val-Gly-Arg-Ile-Ile-Leu-Ser-Gly-Arg-Lys-OH
    —— H-Arg-Ala-Lys-Ala-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-OH —— C59H93N17O14S
    H-Arg-Ala-Lys-Ala-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-OH
    —— H-Arg-Leu-Met-Gly-Thr-Leu-Gly-Ile-Val-Cys-Pro-Ile-Cys-OH —— C59H106N16O15S3
    H-Arg-Leu-Met-Gly-Thr-Leu-Gly-Ile-Val-Cys-Pro-Ile-Cys-OH
    —— H-Lys-Met-Lys-Thr-Glu-Arg-Arg-Met-Lys-Lys-Leu-OH —— C61H117N21O15S2
    H-Lys-Met-Lys-Thr-Glu-Arg-Arg-Met-Lys-Lys-Leu-OH
    —— H-Lys-Val-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Trp-Val-Pro-Ala-His-Lys-OH —— C65H98N16O13
    H-Lys-Val-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Trp-Val-Pro-Ala-His-Lys-OH
    —— H-Pro-Pro-Thr-Pro-Ala-Gln-Pro-Tyr-Ser-Leu-Leu-Pro-Gly-Ala-OH —— C66H101N15O19
    H-Pro-Pro-Thr-Pro-Ala-Gln-Pro-Tyr-Ser-Leu-Leu-Pro-Gly-Ala-OH
    —— H-Gly-Leu-Pro-His-Leu-Ile-Asp-Ile-Glu-Lys-Arg-Gly-OH —— C60H102N18O17
    H-Gly-Leu-Pro-His-Leu-Ile-Asp-Ile-Glu-Lys-Arg-Gly-OH
    —— H-Glu-Pro-Trp-Lys-His-Pro-Gly-Ser-Gln-Pro-Lys-Thr-OH —— C63H94N18O18
    H-Glu-Pro-Trp-Lys-His-Pro-Gly-Ser-Gln-Pro-Lys-Thr-OH
    —— H-Cys-Ala-Val-Leu-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu-Leu-Ala-Ala-Pro-Cys-OH —— C59H103N13O14S2
    H-Cys-Ala-Val-Leu-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu-Leu-Ala-Ala-Pro-Cys-OH
    —— H-Ile-Tyr-Gln-His-Phe-Ser-Leu-Trp-Leu-Gly-OH —— C63H86N14O14
    H-Ile-Tyr-Gln-His-Phe-Ser-Leu-Trp-Leu-Gly-OH
    —— H-Thr-Tyr-Gln-Arg-Ile-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Thr-Gly-DL-Nle(decyl)(decyl)-NH2 —— C72H128N20O16
    H-Thr-Tyr-Gln-Arg-Ile-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Thr-Gly-DL-Nle(decyl)(decyl)-NH2
    —— H-hArg-Ser-Phe-Thr-Leu-Ala-Ser-Ser-Glu-Thr-Gly-Val-Gly-OH —— C56H92N16O21
    H-hArg-Ser-Phe-Thr-Leu-Ala-Ser-Ser-Glu-Thr-Gly-Val-Gly-OH
    —— H-Arg-Ser-Asp-Ser-Val-Ile-Leu-Asn-Val-Leu-Tyr-OH —— C57H95N15O18
    H-Arg-Ser-Asp-Ser-Val-Ile-Leu-Asn-Val-Leu-Tyr-OH
    —— H-Lys-Trp-Lys-Ala-Gln-Lys-Arg-Phe-Leu-Lys-OH —— C64H105N19O12
    H-Lys-Trp-Lys-Ala-Gln-Lys-Arg-Phe-Leu-Lys-OH
    —— H-Tyr-Leu-Cys-Asn-Ser-Ser-Cys-Met-Gly-Gly-Val-OH —— C45H72N12O16S3
    H-Tyr-Leu-Cys-Asn-Ser-Ser-Cys-Met-Gly-Gly-Val-OH
    —— H-Ser-Gly-Leu-Ser-Pro-Arg-Ile-Glu-Ile-Thr-Pro-Ser-His-OH —— C60H100N18O20
    H-Ser-Gly-Leu-Ser-Pro-Arg-Ile-Glu-Ile-Thr-Pro-Ser-His-OH
    —— H-Tyr-Ala-Arg-Ala-Pro-Ala-Arg-Pro-Ala-Arg-Ala-OH —— C52H86N20O13
    H-Tyr-Ala-Arg-Ala-Pro-Ala-Arg-Pro-Ala-Arg-Ala-OH
    —— H-Glu-Glu-Gln-Gln-Glu-Val-Pro-Pro-Asp-Thr-OH —— C48H74N12O22
    H-Glu-Glu-Gln-Gln-Glu-Val-Pro-Pro-Asp-Thr-OH
    —— H-Val-Leu-Ile-Pro-Val-Lys-Ala-Leu-Arg-Ala-Val-Trp-OH —— C67H113N17O13
    H-Val-Leu-Ile-Pro-Val-Lys-Ala-Leu-Arg-Ala-Val-Trp-OH
    —— N-[4-amino-1-[[1-[[4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methylheptanamide;sulfuric acid —— C52H100N16O17S
    N-[4-amino-1-[[1-[[4-amino-1-oxo-1-[[6,9,18-tris(2-aminoethyl)-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-21-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-6-methylheptanamide;sulfuric acid
    —— H-Val-Ser-Asn-Thr-Pro-Leu-Pro-Gly-Val-Phe-Thr-Lys-OH —— C58H94N14O17
    H-Val-Ser-Asn-Thr-Pro-Leu-Pro-Gly-Val-Phe-Thr-Lys-OH
    —— H-Thr-Cys-Asn-Gly-Pro-Ser-Val-Tyr-Met-Asn-Cys-Leu-OH —— C53H84N14O18S3
    H-Thr-Cys-Asn-Gly-Pro-Ser-Val-Tyr-Met-Asn-Cys-Leu-OH
    —— H-Lys-Arg-Ser-Ser-Asn-Leu-Val-Ile-Lys-Leu-OH —— C51H96N16O14
    H-Lys-Arg-Ser-Ser-Asn-Leu-Val-Ile-Lys-Leu-OH
    —— H-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser(PO3H2)-Gly-Ile-His-Ser(PO3H2)-Gly-OH —— C44H68N12O23P2
    H-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser(PO3H2)-Gly-Ile-His-Ser(PO3H2)-Gly-OH
    —— H-Phe-Ser-Phe-Cys-Glu-Ala-Asn-Gly-Leu-Glu-OH —— C49H69N11O17S
    H-Phe-Ser-Phe-Cys-Glu-Ala-Asn-Gly-Leu-Glu-OH
    —— H-Lys-Thr-Asp-Thr-Leu-Glu-Asp-Leu-Phe-Pro-OH —— C53H83N11O19
    H-Lys-Thr-Asp-Thr-Leu-Glu-Asp-Leu-Phe-Pro-OH
    —— H-Leu-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser-Tyr-Pro-Glu-Asn-Leu-OH —— C59H86N12O20
    H-Leu-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser-Tyr-Pro-Glu-Asn-Leu-OH
    —— H-Ser-Gly-Thr-Leu-Gly-Ile-Val-Cys-Pro-Ile-Cys-OH —— C45H79N11O14S2
    H-Ser-Gly-Thr-Leu-Gly-Ile-Val-Cys-Pro-Ile-Cys-OH
    —— H-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-Met-OH —— C50H75N15O14S
    H-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-Met-OH
    —— H-Ile-Val-Ile-Cys-Gln-Tyr-Ile-Asp-Asp-Leu-OH —— C54H87N11O17S
    H-Ile-Val-Ile-Cys-Gln-Tyr-Ile-Asp-Asp-Leu-OH
    —— H-Lys-Leu-Thr-Gly-Phe-Ile-Ile-Ser-Lys-Leu-OH —— C54H94N12O13
    H-Lys-Leu-Thr-Gly-Phe-Ile-Ile-Ser-Lys-Leu-OH
    —— H-Thr-Arg-Gly-Phe-Asp-Glu-Asp-Lys-Leu-Leu-OH —— C52H84N14O18
    H-Thr-Arg-Gly-Phe-Asp-Glu-Asp-Lys-Leu-Leu-OH
    —— H-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ile-Val-OH —— C53H81N11O12
    H-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ile-Val-OH
    —— H-Arg-Ser-Arg-His-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Pro-Ala-Gly-Thr-OH —— C50H79N19O17
    H-Arg-Ser-Arg-His-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Pro-Ala-Gly-Thr-OH
    —— H-Asn-Thr-Tyr-Asn-Lys-Ala-Pro-Lys-His-Tyr-OH —— C56H82N16O16
    H-Asn-Thr-Tyr-Asn-Lys-Ala-Pro-Lys-His-Tyr-OH
    —— MeOCO-Arg-Ser-Phe-Thr-Leu-Ala-Ser-Ser-Glu-Thr-Gly-Val-Gly-OH —— C57H92N16O23
    MeOCO-Arg-Ser-Phe-Thr-Leu-Ala-Ser-Ser-Glu-Thr-Gly-Val-Gly-OH
    —— H-D-Asp-D-Ala-D-Pro-D-Ala-D-Ala-D-Pro-D-Ala-Gly-D-Pro-D-Ala-D-Val-D-Pro-D-Val-OH —— C51H81N13O16
    H-D-Asp-D-Ala-D-Pro-D-Ala-D-Ala-D-Pro-D-Ala-Gly-D-Pro-D-Ala-D-Val-D-Pro-D-Val-OH
    —— H-Phe-Leu-Thr-Pro-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Cys-Val-OH —— C55H93N13O13S
    H-Phe-Leu-Thr-Pro-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gln-Cys-Val-OH
    —— H-Arg-Pro-Pro-Asn-Ala-Pro-Ile-Leu-Ser-Thr-Leu-OH —— C53H91N15O15
    H-Arg-Pro-Pro-Asn-Ala-Pro-Ile-Leu-Ser-Thr-Leu-OH
    —— H-Gly-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Gly-Met-Glu-His-Leu-Ile-OH —— C51H78N12O16S
    H-Gly-Leu-Tyr-Asp-Gly-Met-Glu-His-Leu-Ile-OH
    —— H-Asp-Gly-Cys-His-Tyr-Tyr-Gly-Thr-Cys-Leu-His-OH —— C54H73N15O17S2
    H-Asp-Gly-Cys-His-Tyr-Tyr-Gly-Thr-Cys-Leu-His-OH
    —— H-Gly-Leu-Ile-Gln-Gly-Arg-Ser-Val-Lys-Val-Asp-OH —— C50H90N16O16
    H-Gly-Leu-Ile-Gln-Gly-Arg-Ser-Val-Lys-Val-Asp-OH
    —— H-Thr-Leu-Thr-Gly-Lys-Thr-Ile-Thr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ala-Gln-OH —— C50H89N15O19
    H-Thr-Leu-Thr-Gly-Lys-Thr-Ile-Thr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ala-Gln-OH