Progesterone is mainly metabolized by the liver. After oral administration, the major plasma metabolites found are 20 a hydroxy-Δ4 a-prenolone and 5 a-dihydroprogesterone. Some progesterone metabolites are found excreted in the bile and these metabolites may be deconjugated and subsequently metabolized in the gut by reduction, dehydroxylation, and epimerization. The major plasma and urinary metabolites are comparable to those found during the physiological progesterone secretion of the corpus luteum.
Progesterone undergoes both biliary and renal elimination. Following an injection of labeled progesterone, 50-60% of the excretion of progesterone metabolites occurs via the kidney; approximately 10% occurs via the bile and feces, the second major excretory pathway.
Progesterone is metabolized primarily by the liver largely to pregnanediols and pregnanolones. Pregnanediols and pregnanolones are conjugated in the liver to glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Progesterone metabolites which are excreted in the bile may be deconjugated and may be further metabolized in the gut via reduction, dehydroxylation, and epimerization.
The major urinary metabolite of oral progesterone is 5beta-pregnan-3alpha, 20alpha-diol glucuronide which is present in plasma in the conjugated form only. Plasma metabolites also include 5beta-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one (5beta-pregnanolone) and 5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one (5beta-pregnanolone).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
激素在肝脏中还原为孕烷二醇，并与葡萄糖醛酸结合，然后主要通过尿液排出。
The hormone is reduced to pregnanediol in the liver and conjugated with glucuronic acid, and then excreted mainly in urine.
Progesterone shares the pharmacological actions of the progestins. Progesterone binds to the progesterone and estrogen receptors. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Once bound to the receptor, progestins like Progesterone will slow the frequency of release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and blunt the pre-ovulatory LH (luteinizing hormone) surge. In women who have adequate endogenous estrogen, progesterone transforms a proliferative endometrium into a secretory one. Progesterone is essential for the development of decidual tissue and is necessary to increase endometrial receptivity for implantation of an embryo. Once an embryo has been implanted, progesterone acts to maintain the pregnancy. Progesterone also stimulates the growth of mammary alveolar tissue and relaxes uterine smooth muscle. It has little estrogenic and androgenic activity.
**Oral micronized capsules** Following oral administration of progesterone in the micronized soft-gelatin capsule formulation, peak serum concentration was achieved in the first 3 hours. The absolute bioavailability of micronized progesterone is unknown at this time. In postmenopausal women, serum progesterone concentration increased in a dose-proportional and linear fashion after multiple doses of progesterone capsules, ranging from 100 mg/day to 300 mg/day. **IM administration** After intramuscular (IM) administration of 10 mg of progesterone in oil, the maximum plasma concentrations were achieved in about 8 hours post-injection and plasma concentrations stayed above baseline for approximately 24 hours post-injection. Injections of 10, 25, and 50 mg lead to geometric mean values for maximum plasma concentration (CMAX) of 7, 28, and 50 ng/mL, respectively. Progesterone administered by the intramuscular (IM) route avoids significant first-pass hepatic metabolism. As a result, endometrial tissue concentrations of progesterone achieved with IM administration are higher when compared with oral administration. Despite this, the highest concentrations of progesterone in endometrial tissue are reached with vaginal administration. **Note on oral contraceptive tablet absorption** Serum progestin levels peak about 2 hours after oral administration of progesterone-only contraceptive tablets, followed by rapid distribution and elimination. By 24 hours after drug administration, serum levels remain near the baseline, making efficacy dependent upon strict adherence to the dosing schedule. Large variations in serum progesterone levels occur among individuals. Progestin-only administration leads to lower steady-state serum progestin levels and a shorter elimination half-life than concurrent administration with estrogens.
Progesterone metabolites are excreted mainly by the kidneys. Urinary elimination is observed for 95% of patients in the form of glycuroconjugated metabolites, primarily 3 a, 5 ß–pregnanediol (_pregnandiol_). The glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of pregnanediol and pregnanolone are excreted in the urine and bile. Progesterone metabolites, excreted in the bile, may undergo enterohepatic recycling or may be found excreted in the feces.
When administered vaginally, progesterone is well absorbed by uterine endometrial tissue, and a small percentage is distributed into the systemic circulation. The amount of progesterone in the systemic circulation appears to be of minimal importance, especially when implantation, pregnancy, and live birth outcomes appear similar for intramuscular and vaginal administration of progesterone.
PROMETRIUM Capsules are an oral dosage form of micronized progesterone which is chemically identical to progesterone of ovarian origin. The oral bioavailability of progesterone is increased through micronization.
ES wird死Herstellung冯孕激素ausgehend冯δ 5 -3β氧基- bisnor-cholensäure -甲酯第三人以Reduktion DER Estergruppe EINES entsprechenden 3-酮- enoläthers麻省理工学院的LiAlH 4，Abspaltung冯瓦瑟UND Oxydation DER Methylengruppe beschrieben。
[EN] S-NITROSOMERCAPTO COMPOUNDS AND RELATED DERIVATIVES<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS DE S-NITROSOMERCAPTO ET DÉRIVÉS APPARENTÉS
申请人：GALLEON PHARMACEUTICALS INC
公开号：WO2009151744A1
公开（公告）日：2009-12-17
The present invention is directed to mercapto-based and S- nitrosomercapto-based SNO compounds and their derivatives, and their use in treating a lack of normal breathing control, including the treatment of apnea and hypoventilation associated with sleep, obesity, certain medicines and other medical conditions.
Eflornithine Prodrugs, Conjugates and Salts, and Methods of Use Thereof
申请人：Xu Feng
公开号：US20100120727A1
公开（公告）日：2010-05-13
In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition of a covalent conjugate of an eflornithine analog with an anti-inflammatory drug. In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition of an eflornithine prodrug. In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition of an eflornithine or its derivatives aspirin salt. In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for treating or preventing cancer using the conjugates or salts of eflornithine analogs or eflornithine prodrugs.
[EN] METHODS OF TREATMENT OF AMYLOIDOSIS USING ASPARTYL-PROTEASE INIHIBITORS<br/>[FR] PROCEDES DE TRAITEMENT D'AMYLOIDOSE UTILISANT DES INHIBITEURS DE PROTEASE ASPARTYLE
申请人：ELAN PHARM INC
公开号：WO2005070407A1
公开（公告）日：2005-08-04
The invention relates to acetyl 2-hydroxy-1,3-diaminospirocyclohexanes and derivatives thereof that are useful in treating diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with amyloidosis. Amyloidosis refers to a collection of diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with abnormal deposition of A-beta protein.
Methods of treatment of amyloidosis using bi-aryl aspartyl protease inhibitors
申请人：John Varghese
公开号：US20060014737A1
公开（公告）日：2006-01-19
The invention relates to novel compounds and methods of treating diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with amyloidosis. Amyloidosis refers to a collection of diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with abnormal deposition of A-beta protein.
