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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— butyl (6R)-6-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate —— C18H23BrN2O5
butyl (6R)-6-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
—— 6-[(S)-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-(pyridin-1-ium-2-ylamino)methyl]-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ol —— C21H21N2O6+
6-[(S)-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-(pyridin-1-ium-2-ylamino)methyl]-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ol
—— (Z)-5-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-phenylthiazol-4(5H)-one —— C16H11NO2S
(Z)-5-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-phenylthiazol-4(5H)-one
—— 6-[(R)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-morpholin-4-ium-4-ylmethyl]-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ol —— C19H22NO6+
6-[(R)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-morpholin-4-ium-4-ylmethyl]-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ol
—— (8R)-8-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,5,12,14-tetraoxatetracyclo[7.7.0.03,7.011,15]hexadeca-1(16),3(7),9,11(15)-tetraen-6-one —— C20H16O8
(8R)-8-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,5,12,14-tetraoxatetracyclo[7.7.0.03,7.011,15]hexadeca-1(16),3(7),9,11(15)-tetraen-6-one
—— 6-[(R)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)methyl]-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ol —— C19H17N3O5
6-[(R)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)methyl]-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ol
—— (5E)-5-(3-ethyl-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene)-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)imino-3-prop-2-enyl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one —— C19H21N3O2S2
(5E)-5-(3-ethyl-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene)-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)imino-3-prop-2-enyl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one
—— (2R)-3-[[(1R)-1-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile —— C12H15FN2O
(2R)-3-[[(1R)-1-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[2-[ethyl(methyl)amino]ethylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C13H21FN2O
2-[(1S)-1-[2-[ethyl(methyl)amino]ethylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— (2S)-3-[[(1R)-1-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile —— C12H15FN2O
(2S)-3-[[(1R)-1-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[[(3S)-2-methylpentan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H22FNO
5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[[(3S)-2-methylpentan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-4-(dimethylamino)butan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C14H23FN2O
2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-4-(dimethylamino)butan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethylamino)ethyl]phenol —— C12H14FN3O
5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-(1H-pyrazol-5-ylmethylamino)ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H20FNO2
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[[(2S)-1-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C15H25FN2O
2-[(1R)-1-[[(2S)-1-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— (2S)-3-[[(1S)-1-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile —— C12H15FN2O
(2S)-3-[[(1S)-1-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C13H20FNO3
5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[(3S)-3-(methylamino)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]phenol —— C14H21FN2O
5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[(3S)-3-(methylamino)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[(2R)-2-(aminomethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C14H21FN2O
2-[(1R)-1-[(2R)-2-(aminomethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-(4-methoxybutylamino)ethyl]phenol —— C13H20FNO2
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-(4-methoxybutylamino)ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[[(3S)-hexan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H22FNO
5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[[(3S)-hexan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H20FNO2
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C12H15FN4O
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[(4-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H16FN3O
5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[(3S)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C12H17FN2O
2-[(1S)-1-[(3S)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[[(2S)-1-(diethylamino)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C15H25FN2O
2-[(1R)-1-[[(2S)-1-(diethylamino)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C13H18FNO
2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[(3S)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C12H17FN2O
2-[(1R)-1-[(3S)-3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(3S)-hexan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H22FNO
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(3S)-hexan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-1-(diethylamino)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C15H25FN2O
2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-1-(diethylamino)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[[(2R)-1-(diethylamino)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C15H25FN2O
2-[(1R)-1-[[(2R)-1-(diethylamino)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[2-aminoethyl(methyl)amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C11H17FN2O
2-[(1R)-1-[2-aminoethyl(methyl)amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[[(3R)-hexan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H22FNO
5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-[[(3R)-hexan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-(4-methoxybutylamino)ethyl]phenol —— C13H20FNO2
5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-(4-methoxybutylamino)ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(3R)-hexan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H22FNO
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(3R)-hexan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C13H20FNO3
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[2-[ethyl(methyl)amino]ethylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C13H21FN2O
2-[(1R)-1-[2-[ethyl(methyl)amino]ethylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(3R)-2-methylpentan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H22FNO
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(3R)-2-methylpentan-3-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[[(1R)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C13H18FNO
2-[(1R)-1-[[(1R)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[(3S)-3-(methylamino)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]phenol —— C14H21FN2O
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[(3S)-3-(methylamino)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-piperazin-1-ylethyl]phenol —— C12H17FN2O
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-piperazin-1-ylethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-(cyclobutylamino)ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C12H16FNO
2-[(1R)-1-(cyclobutylamino)ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[[(2R)-4-(dimethylamino)butan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C14H23FN2O
2-[(1R)-1-[[(2R)-4-(dimethylamino)butan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(3S)-oxan-3-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H20FNO2
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[[(3S)-oxan-3-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[2-[cyclopropyl(methyl)amino]ethylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C14H21FN2O
2-[(1S)-1-[2-[cyclopropyl(methyl)amino]ethylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-(cyclobutylamino)ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C12H16FNO
2-[(1S)-1-(cyclobutylamino)ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C14H16FN3O
5-fluoro-2-[(1S)-1-[(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1R)-1-[[(1S)-cyclohex-3-en-1-yl]methylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C15H20FNO
2-[(1R)-1-[[(1S)-cyclohex-3-en-1-yl]methylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-cyclohex-3-en-1-yl]methylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol —— C15H20FNO
2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S)-cyclohex-3-en-1-yl]methylamino]ethyl]-5-fluorophenol
—— 5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-piperazin-1-ylethyl]phenol —— C12H17FN2O
5-fluoro-2-[(1R)-1-piperazin-1-ylethyl]phenol