Alpha and gamma tocopherol are undergo beta oxidation and a process mediated by cytochrome P450s such as CYP4F2, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5. These processes convert alpha and gamma tocopherol to alpha-CEHC (2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(2’-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman) and gamma-CEHC (2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(2’-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman) respectively, however the full process is not known.
Although all forms of Vitamin E exhibit antioxidant activity, it is known that the antioxidant activity of vitamin E is not sufficient to explain the vitamin's biological activity. <br/>Vitamin E's anti-atherogenic activity involves the inhibition of the oxidation of LDL and the accumulation of oxLDL in the arterial wall. It also appears to reduce oxLDL-induced apoptosis in human endothelial cells. Oxidation of LDL is a key early step in atherogenesis as it triggers a number of events which lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, vitamin E inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC plays a role in smooth muscle cell proliferation, and, thus, the inhibition of PKC results in inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, which is involved in atherogenesis. <br/>Vitamin E's antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities involves the downregulation of the expression of intracellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 which lowers the adhesion of blood components to the endothelium. In addition, vitamin E upregulates the expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 which in turn enhances the release of prostacyclin. Prostacyclin is a vasodilating factor and inhibitor of platelet aggregation and platelet release. It is also known that platelet aggregation is mediated by a mechanism involving the binding of fibrinogen to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) complex of platelets. GPIIb/IIIa is the major membrane receptor protein that is key to the role of the platelet aggregation response. GPIIb is the alpha-subunit of this platelet membrane protein. Alpha-tocopherol downregulates GPIIb promoter activity which results in reduction of GPIIb protein expression and decreased platelet aggregation. Vitamin E has also been found in culture to decrease plasma production of thrombin, a protein which binds to platelets and induces aggregation. A metabolite of vitamin E called vitamin E quinone or alpha-tocopheryl quinone (TQ) is a potent anticoagulant. This metabolite inhibits vitamin K-dependent carboxylase, which is a major enzyme in the coagulation cascade.<br/>The neuroprotective effects of vitamin E are explained by its antioxidant effects. Many disorders of the nervous system are caused by oxidative stress. Vitamin E protects against this stress, thereby protecting the nervouse system. <br/>The immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin E have been demonstrated in vitro, where alpha-tocopherol increases mitogenic response of T lymphocytes from aged mice. The mechanism of this response by vitamin E is not well understood, however it has been suggested that vitamin E itself may have mitogenic activity independent of its antioxidant activity. <br/>Lastly, the mechanism of action of vitamin E's antiviral effects (primarily against HIV-1) involves its antioxidant activity. Vitamin E reduces oxidative stress, which is thought to contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis, as well as to the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Vitamin E also affects membrane integrity and fluidity and, since HIV-1 is a membraned virus, altering membrane fluidity of HIV-1 may interfere with its ability to bind to cell-receptor sites, thus decreasing its infectivity.
参考文献:M Chen, V Vijay, Q Shi, Z Liu, H Fang, W Tong. 用于研究药物诱导肝损伤的FDA批准药物标签,药物发现今日,16(15-16):697-703, 2011. PMID:21624500 DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2011.05.007
M Chen, A Suzuki, S Thakkar, K Yu, C Hu, W Tong. DILIrank:根据药物导致人类肝损伤风险排名的最大参考药物清单。药物发现今日 2016, 21(4): 648-653. PMID:26948801 DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.015
References:M Chen, V Vijay, Q Shi, Z Liu, H Fang, W Tong. FDA-Approved Drug Labeling for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Drug Discovery Today, 16(15-16):697-703, 2011. PMID:21624500 DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2011.05.007
M Chen, A Suzuki, S Thakkar, K Yu, C Hu, W Tong. DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans. Drug Discov Today 2016, 21(4): 648-653. PMID:26948801 DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.015
10-33% of deuterium labelled vitamin E is absorbed in the small intestine. Absorption of Vitamin E is dependant upon absorption of the fat in which it is dissolved. For patients with poor fat absorption, a water soluble form of vitamin E may need to be substituted such as tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate. In other studies the oral bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol was 36%, gamma-tocotrienol was 9%. The time to maximum concentration was 9.7 hours for alpha-tocopherol and 2.4 hours for gamma-tocotrienol.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
消除途径
α-生育酚主要以CEHC代谢物的形式通过尿液和胆汁在粪便中排出,但它也可以以自然形式排出。
Alpha tocopherol is excreted in urine as well as bile in the feces mainly as a carboxyethyl-hydrochroman (CEHC) metabolite, but it can be excreted in it's natural form.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
分布容积
早产儿每千克体重给予20毫克肌肉注射,药物剂量为0.41升/千克。
0.41L/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
清除
早产儿每公斤体重每小时6.5毫升,给予20毫克/公斤的肌内注射。
6.5mL/hr/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection.
Synthesis and effects of conjugated tocopherol analogues on peptide nucleic acid hybridisation
摘要:
在非聚合肽核酸序列 H-GCACGACTT-NH2 的 N 端连接了一些亲脂性共轭分子,包括三种合成生育酚(维生素 E)类似物。然后利用互补的 PNA 和 DNA 序列进行研究,利用紫外线监测熔化曲线和等温量热技术探索共轭物的作用。当维生素 E 的苯并吡喃基团共轭时,可观察到双链的形成。然而,在维生素 E 的植脂链存在的情况下,发现结合与温度有关。
Silver(I)-Catalyzed Deprotection of p-Methoxybenzyl Ethers: A Mild and Chemoselective Method
摘要:
The p-methoxybenzyl protecting group (PMB) on various alcohols and an acid was efficiently and selectively, cleaved by the action of a catalytic amount of silver(I) hexafluoroantimonate combined with 0.5 equiv of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene in dichloromethane at 40 degrees C.
[EN] BENZAMIDE OR BENZAMINE COMPOUNDS USEFUL AS ANTICANCER AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HUMAN CANCERS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS BENZAMIDE OU BENZAMINE À UTILISER EN TANT QU'ANTICANCÉREUX POUR LE TRAITEMENT DE CANCERS HUMAINS
申请人:UNIV TEXAS
公开号:WO2017007634A1
公开(公告)日:2017-01-12
The described invention provides small molecule anti-cancer compounds for treating tumors that respond to cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition. The compounds selectively inhibit the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in tumor-derived cancer cells, but do not affect normally dividing cells.
The present invention relates to oligoesters and their use or the creation of additives. Oligoester containing additives and/or oligoesters themselves may be used for formulating pharmaceutical preparations, cosmetics or personal care products such as shampoos and conditioners. These oligoesters are particularly useful for the creation of multi-purpose additives that can impart conditioning, long substantivity and/or UV protection. Individual oligoesters and oligoester mixtures are described.
[EN] S-NITROSOMERCAPTO COMPOUNDS AND RELATED DERIVATIVES<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS DE S-NITROSOMERCAPTO ET DÉRIVÉS APPARENTÉS
申请人:GALLEON PHARMACEUTICALS INC
公开号:WO2009151744A1
公开(公告)日:2009-12-17
The present invention is directed to mercapto-based and S- nitrosomercapto-based SNO compounds and their derivatives, and their use in treating a lack of normal breathing control, including the treatment of apnea and hypoventilation associated with sleep, obesity, certain medicines and other medical conditions.
Anticancer compounds according to formula I are described herein.
wherein R
1
, R
2
, R
3
and R
4
are selected from H, CH
3
, OH, SH, OCH
3
, NHR′, halogen, CF
3
, N-linked pyrrolidine, and SO
2
NHR′, or any combination thereof; R
5
is an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkaryl group including from 4 to 11 carbons, X is selected from CH
2
, CHOH, C═O, S═O, O═S═O, and an oxetane ring, Y is selected from CH
2
, O, and NH, and R′ is a H, aryl, or a lower alkyl group, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compounds have been shown to facilitate site-specific dephosphorylation of Akt at Ser-473, thereby inactivating Akt and decreasing dysregulation of Akt signaling that can occur in cancer cells.
Chromenone derivatives useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
申请人:AxoGlia Therapeutics S.A.
公开号:EP2112145A1
公开(公告)日:2009-10-28
Compounds of general formula (I) and (II)
in which R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14 and R15 have the meanings given in the specification, are useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.