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酚类

酚类是一大类化合物,它们主要特征是分子中含有一个羟基(-OH)直接连接在苯环上。这类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,并且具有重要的生物、医药及工业应用价值。

结构与分类

酚类化合物的基本结构为苯环上的氧原子与羟基相连。根据羟基的位置不同,可将酚分为单酚和多酚两大类:

  • 单酚:每个分子仅有一个酚羟基。
  • 多酚:含有两个或多个酚羟基的化合物。
生物学意义
  1. 天然来源:酚广泛存在于植物、动物以及微生物中,如咖啡因中的茶酚、儿茶素等。
  2. 抗氧化作用:许多酚类物质具有较强的抗氧化性,能够清除体内的自由基,保护细胞免受氧化损伤。
  3. 抗菌活性:部分酚类化合物展示出显著的抗菌效果,可用于食品保鲜或开发抗生素。
工业应用
  1. 农药和杀虫剂:利用某些酚类化合物对特定昆虫的选择性毒性进行害虫控制。
  2. 染料工业:许多天然及合成染料都基于酚结构设计而成。
  3. 医药领域:作为原料或药物成分,例如阿司匹林的核心成分水杨酸就属于苯酚衍生物。
工业生产

酚类可以通过多种途径制备:

  • 通过煤焦油蒸馏或石油裂解得到的粗酚进行精炼获得。
  • 以苯或其他芳烃为原料,在催化剂作用下与水反应生成苯酚,此过程称为菲林斯勒反应(Fischer–Strassmann反应)。
注意事项

尽管酚类化合物具有广泛的应用前景,但它们也可能带来毒性问题。例如强酸性的酚类物质会对皮肤造成刺激甚至腐蚀。因此在使用时需注意安全防护措施。

以上是对酚类的简单介绍,涵盖了其基本定义、生物学意义及工业应用等方面的内容。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 3-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol —— C15H23NO2
3-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol
—— 5-methoxy-2-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
5-methoxy-2-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 4-methoxy-2-[[[(1S,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
4-methoxy-2-[[[(1S,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 5-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C17H27NO
5-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C17H27NO
5-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C17H27NO
5-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 4-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C17H27NO
4-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C16H25NO
2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 3-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C16H25NO
3-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 4-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol —— C16H25NO2
4-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol
—— 4-[[[(1S,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,3-diol —— C15H23NO2
4-[[[(1S,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,3-diol
—— 2-methoxy-6-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
2-methoxy-6-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 4-methoxy-2-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
4-methoxy-2-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 4-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol —— C16H25NO2
4-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol
—— 4-[[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol —— C15H23NO2
4-[[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol
—— 5-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C17H27NO
5-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,4-diol —— C16H25NO2
2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,4-diol
—— 2-methoxy-6-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
2-methoxy-6-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 4-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C16H25NO
4-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C16H25NO
2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 2-methoxy-5-[[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
2-methoxy-5-[[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,4-diol —— C16H25NO2
2-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,4-diol
—— 4-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol —— C16H25NO2
4-[(1S)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol
—— 3-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C16H25NO
3-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 4-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol —— C15H23NO2
4-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol
—— 4-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol —— C15H23NO2
4-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol
—— 4-methoxy-2-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
4-methoxy-2-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 2-methoxy-5-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
2-methoxy-5-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,4-diol —— C16H25NO2
2-[(1S)-1-[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,4-diol
—— 4-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C17H27NO
4-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 4-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,3-diol —— C15H23NO2
4-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,3-diol
—— 1-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-3-[(2S)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]urea —— C15H24N2O2
1-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-3-[(2S)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]urea
—— 1-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-3-[(2R)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]urea —— C15H24N2O2
1-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-3-[(2R)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]urea
—— 1-[(2R)-butan-2-yl]-3-[(2R)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]urea —— C15H24N2O2
1-[(2R)-butan-2-yl]-3-[(2R)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]urea
—— 1-[(2S)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)urea —— C14H22N2O3
1-[(2S)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)urea
—— 1-[(2R)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)urea —— C14H22N2O3
1-[(2R)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]-3-(2-methoxyethyl)urea
—— 1-[(2R)-butan-2-yl]-3-[(2S)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]urea —— C15H24N2O2
1-[(2R)-butan-2-yl]-3-[(2S)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]urea
—— 2-methoxy-4-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
2-methoxy-4-[[[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 2-methoxy-4-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
2-methoxy-4-[[[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 2-methoxy-4-[[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C16H25NO2
2-methoxy-4-[[[(1R,2S)-2-methylcyclohexyl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 3-[[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol —— C13H19NO3
3-[[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol
—— 5-methoxy-2-[[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C14H21NO3
5-methoxy-2-[[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 3-[[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol —— C13H19NO3
3-[[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]methyl]benzene-1,2-diol
—— 5-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C15H23NO2
5-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 4-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C15H23NO2
4-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-methoxy-2-[[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]methyl]phenol —— C14H21NO3
5-methoxy-2-[[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]methyl]phenol
—— 4-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C15H23NO2
4-methyl-2-[(1R)-1-[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-methoxy-2-[(1R)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C15H23NO3
5-methoxy-2-[(1R)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 4-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C15H23NO2
4-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2R)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol
—— 5-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol —— C15H23NO2
5-methyl-2-[(1S)-1-[[(2S)-oxan-2-yl]methylamino]ethyl]phenol