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原料药

原料药,通俗来说就是药品的原材料。只有经过加工制成药物制剂,才能成为可供临床应用的医药产品。因此,我们日常服用的药品实际上都是成品药。

根据来源不同,原料药主要分为化学合成药和天然化学药两大类。

化学合成药又可以进一步分为无机合成药与有机合成药。无机合成药主要包括无机化合物(个别为元素),例如用于治疗胃及十二指肠溃疡的氢氧化铝、三硅酸镁等;而有机合成药主要是由基本有机化工原料,通过一系列有机化学反应制得的药物,如阿司匹林、氯霉素、咖啡因等。

天然化学药则按其来源可细分为生物化学药与植物化学药两大类。抗生素通常是由微生物发酵制备得到的,属于生物化学范畴;近年来出现的各种半合成抗生素则是生物合成和化学合成相结合的产品。在原料药中,有机合成药品种最多、产量最大且产值最高,是化学制药工业的主要支柱。

由于原料药的质量直接影响制剂质量,因此对其质量标准要求极为严格。世界各国对于广泛应用的原料药都制定了严格的国家药典标准及质量控制方法。

中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
—— 4-nitrobenzyl-4-(acetylsulfanyl)-2-{[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)(sulfamoyl)amino]methyl}pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate 491878-06-9 C20H28N4O9S2
4-nitrobenzyl-4-(acetylsulfanyl)-2-{[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)(sulfamoyl)amino]methyl}pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate
—— (1<i>RS</i>,2<i>RS</i>)-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-ol; hydrochloride 61-16-5 C11H17NO3*ClH
(1<i>RS</i>,2<i>RS</i>)-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-ol; hydrochloride
—— 2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanol monohydrochloride 61-16-5 C11H17NO3*ClH
2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanol monohydrochloride
—— Ceftizoxime Sodium 68401-82-1 C13H12N5O5S2*Na
Ceftizoxime Sodium
—— 2-amino-hexanetetrol-(3,4,5,6)-al-(1) 1948-54-5 C6H13NO5
2-amino-hexanetetrol-(3,4,5,6)-al-(1)
—— 7-amino-3-no-cephalosporin-4-carboxylic acid benzhydryl 36923-21-4 C20H18N2O3S
7-amino-3-no-cephalosporin-4-carboxylic acid benzhydryl
—— D-galactosamine 1948-54-5 C6H13NO5
D-galactosamine
—— naloxone hydrochloride 357-08-4 C19H21NO4*ClH
naloxone hydrochloride
—— 6β-[3-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-carbonylamino]-penicillanic acid 61-72-3 C19H18ClN3O5S
6β-[3-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-carbonylamino]-penicillanic acid
—— Piperacillin hydrat 66258-76-2 C23H27N5O7S*H2O
Piperacillin hydrat
—— desoxycortone 64-85-7 C21H30O3
desoxycortone
—— deoxycorticosterone 64-85-7 C21H30O3
deoxycorticosterone
—— monensin A 17090-79-8 C36H62O11
monensin A
—— bropirimine 56741-95-8 C10H8BrN3O
bropirimine
—— α-solanine 20562-02-1 C45H73NO15
α-solanine
—— ethambutol dihydrochloride 53704-10-2 C10H24N2O2*2ClH
ethambutol dihydrochloride
—— pirenzepine dihydrochloride 29868-97-1 C19H21N5O2*2ClH
pirenzepine dihydrochloride
—— (2S,4aS,6aS,6bR,10S,12aS,14bR)-10-(3-carboxy-1-oxopropoxy)-2,4a,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-13-oxo-3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,14b-dodecahydro-1H-picene-2-carboxylic acid 5697-56-3 C34H50O7
(2S,4aS,6aS,6bR,10S,12aS,14bR)-10-(3-carboxy-1-oxopropoxy)-2,4a,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-13-oxo-3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,14b-dodecahydro-1H-picene-2-carboxylic acid
—— Ergocalciferol 50-14-6 C28H44O
Ergocalciferol
—— vitamin D2 50-14-6 C28H44O
vitamin D2
—— vitamin D<sub>2</sub> 50-14-6 C28H44O
vitamin D<sub>2</sub>
—— (5<i>Z</i>,7<i>E</i>,22<i>E</i>)-9,10-seco-ergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraen-3ξ-ol 50-14-6 C28H44O
(5<i>Z</i>,7<i>E</i>,22<i>E</i>)-9,10-seco-ergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraen-3ξ-ol
—— (5<i>Z</i>,7<i>E</i>,22<i>E</i>)-9,10-seco-ergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraen-3β-ol 50-14-6 C28H44O
(5<i>Z</i>,7<i>E</i>,22<i>E</i>)-9,10-seco-ergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraen-3β-ol
—— (S)-(+)-allantoin 3844-67-5 C4H6N4O3
(S)-(+)-allantoin
—— cortisone 53-06-5 C21H28O5
cortisone
—— C.I. Acid Blue 74 860-22-0 C16H8N2O8S2*2Na
C.I. Acid Blue 74
—— alpha-Hydroxydeoxycholic acid 83-49-8 C24H40O4
alpha-Hydroxydeoxycholic acid
—— methyl (1R,10S,11R,12R)-11-acetyloxy-12-ethyl-4-[(13S,15S,17S)-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-13-methoxycarbonyl-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraen-13-yl]-8-formyl-10-hydroxy-5-methoxy-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraene-10-carboxylate 57-22-7 C46H56N4O10
methyl (1R,10S,11R,12R)-11-acetyloxy-12-ethyl-4-[(13S,15S,17S)-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-13-methoxycarbonyl-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraen-13-yl]-8-formyl-10-hydroxy-5-methoxy-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraene-10-carboxylate
—— vincristine sulphate 2068-78-2 C46H56N4O10*H2O4S
vincristine sulphate
—— vincristine dihydrogen sulphate 2068-78-2 C46H56N4O10.H2O4S
vincristine dihydrogen sulphate
—— vincristine 57-22-7 C46H56N4O10
vincristine
—— leuprolide 53714-56-0 C59H84N16O12
leuprolide
—— Leuprolide 53714-56-0 C59H84N16O12
Leuprolide
—— Adrenochrom-semicarbazon 69-81-8 C10H12N4O3
Adrenochrom-semicarbazon
—— Oxymatrine 16837-52-8 C15H24N2O2
Oxymatrine
—— matridin-15-one 519-02-8 C15H24N2O
matridin-15-one
—— sophoridine 519-02-8 C15H24N2O
sophoridine
—— sodium 4-aminosalicylate dihydrate 6018-19-5 C7H6NO3*2H2O*Na
sodium 4-aminosalicylate dihydrate
—— Rifalazil 129791-92-0 C51H64N4O13
Rifalazil
—— 2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxymethyl (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-4,4,7-trioxo-4lambda6-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate 69388-79-0 C14H21NO7S
2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxymethyl (2S)-3,3-dimethyl-4,4,7-trioxo-4lambda6-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
—— doxorubicin 23214-92-8 C27H29NO11
doxorubicin
—— Doxorubicin 23214-92-8 C27H29NO11
Doxorubicin
—— Clofazimine 2030-63-9 C27H22Cl2N4
Clofazimine
—— trovafloxacin 147059-72-1 C20H15F3N4O3
trovafloxacin
—— 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> 32222-06-3 C27H44O3
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>
—— calcitriol 32222-06-3 C27H44O3
calcitriol
—— Gramicidin A 1405-97-6 C99H140N20O17
Gramicidin A
—— reglan 2576-84-3 C14H22ClN3O2*ClH
reglan
—— 6β-((Ξ)-2-carboxy-2-phenyl-acetylamino)-penicillanic acid; monosodium salt 4800-94-6 C17H17N2O6S*Na
6β-((Ξ)-2-carboxy-2-phenyl-acetylamino)-penicillanic acid; monosodium salt
—— carbenicillin 4800-94-6 C17H16N2O6S*2Na
carbenicillin