原料药,通俗来说就是药品的原材料。只有经过加工制成药物制剂,才能成为可供临床应用的医药产品。因此,我们日常服用的药品实际上都是成品药。
根据来源不同,原料药主要分为化学合成药和天然化学药两大类。
化学合成药又可以进一步分为无机合成药与有机合成药。无机合成药主要包括无机化合物(个别为元素),例如用于治疗胃及十二指肠溃疡的氢氧化铝、三硅酸镁等;而有机合成药主要是由基本有机化工原料,通过一系列有机化学反应制得的药物,如阿司匹林、氯霉素、咖啡因等。
天然化学药则按其来源可细分为生物化学药与植物化学药两大类。抗生素通常是由微生物发酵制备得到的,属于生物化学范畴;近年来出现的各种半合成抗生素则是生物合成和化学合成相结合的产品。在原料药中,有机合成药品种最多、产量最大且产值最高,是化学制药工业的主要支柱。
由于原料药的质量直接影响制剂质量,因此对其质量标准要求极为严格。世界各国对于广泛应用的原料药都制定了严格的国家药典标准及质量控制方法。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | gold(1+);3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxane-2-thiolate;triethylphosphane | 34031-32-8 | C20H34AuO9PS |
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—— | (1S,9R,11S,14S,15S)-15-methyl-9-[9-(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentanesulfinyl)nonyl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadeca-2(7),3,5-triene-5,14-diol | 129453-61-8 | C32H47F5O3S |
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—— | (1S,3Z,7R,11E,13R,15R)-2,15-dihydroxy-7-methyl-6-oxabicyclo[11.3.0]hexadeca-3,11-dien-5-one | 20350-15-6 | C16H24O4 |
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—— | (1R,2R,3E,7S,13S,15S)-2,15-dihydroxy-7-methyl-6-oxabicyclo[11.3.0]hexadeca-3,11-dien-5-one | 20350-15-6 | C16H24O4 |
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—— | (1S,2S)-2-[(2R,4Z,6E,8S,9R,13R,15R,16R)-7-cyano-8,16-dihydroxy-9,11,13,15-tetramethyl-18-oxo-1-oxacyclooctadeca-4,6-dien-2-yl]cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid | 7184-60-3 | C28H43NO6 |
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—— | (6S,7S)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(2-carboxypropan-2-yloxyimino)acetyl]amino]-8-oxo-3-(pyridin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate | 72558-82-8 | C22H22N6O7S2 |
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—— | sodium;(6S,7S)-3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate | 56238-63-2 | C16H15N4NaO8S |
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—— | (3R,4R,6R)-5-[(3R,4R,6R)-5-[(3R,4S,6R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4-triol | 56180-94-0 | C25H43NO18 |
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—— | Magnesium potassium aspartate | 8076-65-1 | C4H5KMgNO4+ |
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—— | Priomicina | 26016-99-9 | C3H7NaO4P+ |
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—— | Cefaloject | 24356-60-3 | C17H17N3NaO6S2+ |
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—— | 5-Amino-2-(aminomethyl)-6-[4,6-diamino-2-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxyoxane-3,4-diol;sulfuric acid | 53797-35-6 | C17H36N4O14S |
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—— | potassium hydrogen diformate | 20642-05-1 | CHO2*CH2O2*K |
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—— | Celestone Phosphate | 151-73-5 | C22H30FNaO8P+ |
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—— | 4-[(1S)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol;2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid | 51-40-1 | C12H17NO9 |
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—— | Dicloxacillin sodium salt monohydrate | 13412-64-1 | C19H19Cl2N3NaO6S |
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—— | benzhydryl (6S)-7-amino-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate;hydrochloride | 79349-67-0 | C22H21ClN2O3S |
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—— | sodium;4-amino-N-quinoxalin-2-ylbenzenesulfonamide | 59-40-5 | C14H12N4NaO2S+ |
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—— | (1R,4S,5'S,6R,6'R,8R,12S,13S,14E,16E,20R,21R,24S)-6'-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-21,24-dihydroxy-12-[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-5',11,13,22-tetramethylspiro[3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene-6,2'-oxane]-2-one | 70288-86-7 | C48H74O14 |
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—— | (+)-Cinchonine | 118-10-5 | C19H22N2O |
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—— | (1S,4E,5'R,6R,6'R,7S,8R,10S,11S,12R,14R,15R,16S,18E,20E,22S,25S,27R,28R,29S)-22-ethyl-7,11,14,15-tetrahydroxy-6'-[(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]-5',6,8,10,12,14,16,28,29-nonamethylspiro[2,26-dioxabicyclo[23.3.1]nonacosa-4,18,20-triene-27,2'-oxane]-3,3',9,13-tetrone | 11050-94-5 | C45H72O12 |
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—— | [(4E,8S,9S,10E,12S,13R,14S,16R)-13-hydroxy-8,14,19-trimethoxy-4,10,12,16-tetramethyl-3,20,22-trioxo-2-azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-1(21),4,6,10,18-pentaen-9-yl] carbamate | 30562-34-6 | C29H40N2O9 |
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—— | (2R,5S,6R)-5-[(5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[[(4R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4-triol | 56180-94-0 | C25H43NO18 |
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—— | (Z)-7-((1R,2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-((R,E)-3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybut-1-enyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)-N-(methylsulfonyl)hept-5-enamide | 60325-46-4 | C23H31NO7S |
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—— | (3aS,4S,5'R,6R,6'R,7aS)-4-[(1R,6R)-3-amino-2,6-dihydroxy-5-(methylamino)cyclohexyl]oxy-6'-[(1S)-1-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)spiro[4,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3aH-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-2,2'-oxane]-3',4',5',7-tetrol | 31282-04-9 | C20H37N3O13 |
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—— | 2-[(4R,5S,6S,7R,9R,10R,11E,13E,16R)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-[(2R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-10-[(2R,5S,6S)-5-(dimethylamino)-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-9,16-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-7-yl]acetaldehyde | 8025-81-8 | C43H74N2O14 |
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—— | (4R,6R,8R,11E)-16-chloro-17,19-dihydroxy-4-methyl-3,7-dioxatricyclo[13.4.0.06,8]nonadeca-1(15),9,11,16,18-pentaene-2,13-dione | 12772-57-5 | C18H17ClO6 |
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—— | (Z)-methyl 4-(2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethoxy)-2-oxoethyl)-3-ethylidene-2-((2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate | 32619-42-4 | C25H32O13 |
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—— | [(6E,9S,13R,14S)-13-hydroxy-8,14,19-trimethoxy-4,10,12,16-tetramethyl-3,20,22-trioxo-2-azabicyclo[16.3.1]docosa-1(21),4,6,10,18-pentaen-9-yl] carbamate | 30562-34-6 | C29H40N2O9 |
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—— | 5-[(3aS,5R,6aS)-5-hydroxy-4-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-ynyl]-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-pentalen-2-ylidene]pentanoic acid | 78919-13-8 | C22H32O4 |
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—— | (1R,3S,Z)-5-((E)-2-((1R,3aS,7aR)-1-((2R,5S,E)-5-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxypent-3-en-2-yl)-7a-methyldihydro-1H-inden-4(2H,5H,6H,7H,7aH)-ylidene)ethylidene)-4-methylenecyclohexane-1,3-diol | 112965-21-6 | C27H40O3 |
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—— | [(1S,5S)-6-hydroxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate | 55869-99-3 | C17H23NO4 |
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—— | (2S,3R,4S,5S,8S,10S,11S,13R,14S)-11-[(2R,3S,4R,6S)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-13-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one | 83905-01-5 | C38H72N2O12 |
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—— | 2-[(4S,5R,6R,7S,9S,10S,11E,13E,16S)-6-[5-(4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl)oxy-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-10-[5-(dimethylamino)-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-9,16-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-7-yl]acetaldehyde | 8025-81-8 | C43H74N2O14 |
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—— | methyl (9R,10S,11S,12R,19R)-11-acetyloxy-12-ethyl-4-[(13S,15R,17S)-17-ethyl-17-hydroxy-13-methoxycarbonyl-1,11-diazatetracyclo[13.3.1.04,12.05,10]nonadeca-4(12),5,7,9-tetraen-13-yl]-8-formyl-10-hydroxy-5-methoxy-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraene-10-carboxylate | 57-22-7 | C46H56N4O10 |
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—— | (2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[[(1S,2S,7S,10R,11S,14S,15R,16S,17S,20S,23S)-10,14,16,20-tetramethyl-22-azahexacyclo[12.10.0.02,11.05,10.015,23.017,22]tetracos-4-en-7-yl]oxy]-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | 51938-42-2 | C45H73NO15 |
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—— | [(2R,4S)-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo[3.3.1.02,4]nonan-7-yl] (2R)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate | 51-34-3 | C17H21NO4 |
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—— | Natamycin (Pimaricin) | 7681-93-8 | C33H47NO13 |
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—— | cobalt(3+);[(2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2R)-1-[3-[(1S,2R,3R,7S,12S,13S,17S,18S,19R)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2,7,12,17-tetrahydro-1H-corrin-21-id-3-yl]propanoylamino]propan-2-yl] phosphate;cyanide | 68-19-9 | C63H88CoN14O14P |
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—— | cyclo[OAla-Val-D-OVal-D-Val-OAla-Val-D-OVal-DL-Val-OAla-Val-DL-OVal-D-Val] | 2001-95-8 | C54H90N6O18 |
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—— | goserelin | 65807-02-5 | C59H84N18O14 |
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—— | Solumedine | 127-58-2 | C11H12N4NaO2S+ |
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—— | (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid;2-[(4R,5S,6S,7R,9R,11E,15R,16R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-16-ethyl-4-hydroxy-15-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-5,9,13-trimethyl-2,10-dioxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-7-yl]acetaldehyde | 74610-55-2 | C50H83NO23 |
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—— | 2-[(4R,5R,6S,7R,9R,10R,11E,16R)-6-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-5-[(2R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-10-[(2R,5S,6S)-5-(dimethylamino)-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-9,16-dimethyl-2-oxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-7-yl]acetaldehyde | 8025-81-8 | C43H74N2O14 |
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—— | (1R,3S)-5-[(2Z)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-7a-methyl-1-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidenecyclohexane-1,3-diol | 41294-56-8 | C27H44O2 |
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—— | [(7R,9E,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S,18R,19E,21Z)-2,15,17,36-tetrahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22,30-octamethyl-6,23-dioxo-8,37-dioxa-24,27,33-triazahexacyclo[23.10.1.14,7.05,35.026,34.027,32]heptatriaconta-1(35),2,4,9,19,21,25(36),26(34),28,30,32-undecaen-13-yl] acetate | 80621-81-4 | C43H51N3O11 |
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—— | Rifapentine | 61379-65-5 | C47H64N4O12 |
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—— | (1S,4S,5'S,6R,6'R,8R,10E,12S,13S,14E,20R,21R,24S)-6'-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-21,24-dihydroxy-12-[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-5',11,13,22-tetramethylspiro[3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene-6,2'-oxane]-2-one | 70288-86-7 | C48H74O14 |
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—— | Mycobutin | 72559-06-9 | C46H62N4O11 |
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—— | Nintedanib | 928326-83-4 | C31H33N5O4 |
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