原料药,通俗来说就是药品的原材料。只有经过加工制成药物制剂,才能成为可供临床应用的医药产品。因此,我们日常服用的药品实际上都是成品药。
根据来源不同,原料药主要分为化学合成药和天然化学药两大类。
化学合成药又可以进一步分为无机合成药与有机合成药。无机合成药主要包括无机化合物(个别为元素),例如用于治疗胃及十二指肠溃疡的氢氧化铝、三硅酸镁等;而有机合成药主要是由基本有机化工原料,通过一系列有机化学反应制得的药物,如阿司匹林、氯霉素、咖啡因等。
天然化学药则按其来源可细分为生物化学药与植物化学药两大类。抗生素通常是由微生物发酵制备得到的,属于生物化学范畴;近年来出现的各种半合成抗生素则是生物合成和化学合成相结合的产品。在原料药中,有机合成药品种最多、产量最大且产值最高,是化学制药工业的主要支柱。
由于原料药的质量直接影响制剂质量,因此对其质量标准要求极为严格。世界各国对于广泛应用的原料药都制定了严格的国家药典标准及质量控制方法。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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—— | chloramphenicol | 126787-77-7 | C11H12Cl2N2O5 |
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—— | Rifampin;Rifamycin AMP | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | 17-O-Hexanoyl-17α-hydroxy-progesteron | 630-56-8 | C27H40O4 |
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—— | Hydroxyprogesterone caproate | 630-56-8 | C27H40O4 |
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—— | 4-methyl-pent-3-en-2-one phthalazin-1-yl-hydrazone | 36798-79-5 | C14H16N4 |
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—— | [(3S,3aR,4S,6S,7S,8S,9bS)-6-acetyloxy-4-butanoyloxy-3,3a-dihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-8-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-2-oxo-4,5,6a,7,8,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-7-yl] octanoate | 67526-95-8 | C34H50O12 |
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—— | [(7S,9E,12R,13S,16R,17S)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(Z)-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | quinine | 50-54-4 | C20H24N2O2 |
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—— | (2R,4S)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(4-{[4-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]methyl}-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]-1,3,2λ5-dioxaphosphinan-2-one | 852948-13-1 | C28H32ClO5P |
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—— | 1-[2-(allyloxy)phenoxy]-3-(isopropylamino)propan-2-ol | 31576-00-8 | C15H23NO3 |
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—— | cephaeline | 483-17-0 | C28H38N2O4 |
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—— | [(7S,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S)-2,6,15,17-tetrahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-30-[4-(2-methylpropyl)piperazin-1-yl]-23,32,37-trioxo-8,27,38-trioxa-24,34-diazahexacyclo[23.11.1.14,7.05,36.026,35.028,33]octatriaconta-1,3,5,9,19,21,25,28,30,33,35-undecaen-13-yl] acetate | 129791-92-0 | C51H64N4O13 |
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—— | [(2S,3S,5R,15R,16S)-15-Acetyl-9-chloro-2,16-dimethyl-6-oxo-15-pentacyclo[9.7.0.02,8.03,5.012,16]octadeca-7,9-dienyl] acetate | 57-38-5 | C24H29ClO4 |
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—— | [(9Z,19Z)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(E)-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | [(7S,9Z,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S,19Z,21Z)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(Z)-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | [(7S,9Z,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S,19Z,21Z)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium;BAL5788;Ro 65-5788 | 376653-43-9 | C26H26N8O11S2 |
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—— | Rifampicin,(S) | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | [(7S,9E,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S,19E)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(E)-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | (1R,13R)-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecan-10-one | 63968-64-9 | C15H22O5 |
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—— | acetic acid;(10R,12S)-N-[(3S,9S,11R,18S,20R,21R,24S,25S)-21-(2-aminoethylamino)-3-[(1R)-3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl]-6-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-11,20,25-trihydroxy-15-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2,5,8,14,17,23-hexaoxo-1,4,7,13,16,22-hexazatricyclo[22.3.0.09,13]heptacosan-18-yl]-10,12-dimethyltetradecanamide | 179463-17-3 | C56H96N10O19 |
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—— | (1S,3R,4R,7R,9R,11R,15S,16R,17R,18S,33R,36R,37S)-33-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,7,9,11,17,37-octahydroxy-15,16,18-trimethyl-13-oxo-14,39-dioxabicyclo[33.3.1]nonatriaconta-19,21,25,27,29,31-hexaene-36-carboxylic acid | 1400-61-9 | C47H75NO17 |
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—— | (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid;2-[(4R,5S,6S,7R,9R,11E,13E,15R,16R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-16-ethyl-4-hydroxy-15-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-5,9,13-trimethyl-2,10-dioxo-1-oxacyclohexadeca-11,13-dien-7-yl]acetaldehyde | 74610-55-2 | C50H83NO23 |
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—— | N-[(6S,9S,11R,15S,18S,20R,21S,24S,25S)-21-(2-aminoethylamino)-3-[(1R)-3-amino-1-hydroxypropyl]-6-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-11,20,25-trihydroxy-15-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2,5,8,14,17,23-hexaoxo-1,4,7,13,16,22-hexazatricyclo[22.3.0.09,13]heptacosan-18-yl]-10,12-dimethyltetradecanamide | 162808-62-0 | C52H88N10O15 |
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—— | (1'R,2R,3S,4'S,6S,8'R,10'Z,12'S,14'Z,16'Z,20'R,21'R,24'S)-2-cyclohexyl-21',24'-dihydroxy-12'-[(2R,4S,6S)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-3,11',13',22'-tetramethylspiro[2,3-dihydropyran-6,6'-3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene]-2'-one | 117704-25-3 | C50H74O14 |
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—— | Procaterol hydrochloride | 62929-91-3 | C16H22N2O3*ClH |
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—— | (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[[(1S,2S,7S,10R,11S,14S,15R,16S,17R,20S,23R)-10,14,16,20-tetramethyl-22-azahexacyclo[12.10.0.02,11.05,10.015,23.017,22]tetracos-4-en-7-yl]oxy]-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | 20562-02-1 | C45H73NO15 |
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—— | [(9E,19E)-2,15,17,36-tetrahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22,30-octamethyl-6,23-dioxo-8,37-dioxa-24,27,33-triazahexacyclo[23.10.1.14,7.05,35.026,34.027,32]heptatriaconta-1(35),2,4,9,19,21,25(36),26(34),28,30,32-undecaen-13-yl] acetate | 80621-81-4 | C43H51N3O11 |
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—— | [(7S,9E,11S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18S,19E,21E)-2,15,17,27,29-pentahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-26-[(Z)-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)iminomethyl]-6,23-dioxo-8,30-dioxa-24-azatetracyclo[23.3.1.14,7.05,28]triaconta-1(29),2,4,9,19,21,25,27-octaen-13-yl] acetate | 13292-46-1 | C43H58N4O12 |
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—— | Pharmakon1600-01502414 | 150399-21-6 | C17H15N3NaO6+ |
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—— | N-[(3S,9S,11R,15S,18S,20R,21R,24S,25S,26S)-6-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-11,20,21,25-tetrahydroxy-3,15-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-26-methyl-2,5,8,14,17,23-hexaoxo-1,4,7,13,16,22-hexazatricyclo[22.3.0.09,13]heptacosan-18-yl]-4-[4-(4-pentoxyphenyl)phenyl]benzamide | 166663-25-8 | C58H73N7O17 |
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—— | N-(3-amino-3-oxoprop-1-en-2-yl)-2-[(1S,18S,21Z,28S,30S)-21-ethylidene-9,30-dihydroxy-18-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-40-methyl-16,19,26,31,42,46-hexaoxo-32-oxa-3,13,23,43,49-pentathia-7,17,20,27,45,51,52,53,54,55-decazanonacyclo[26.16.6.12,5.112,15.122,25.138,41.147,50.06,11.034,39]pentapentaconta-2(55),4,6,8,10,12(54),14,22(53),24,34(39),35,37,40,47,50-pentadecaen-8-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide | 56377-79-8 | C51H43N13O12S6 |
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—— | [2S-(2α,3E,4β)]-3-ethylidene-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-2H-pyran-4-acetic acid 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester | 32619-42-4 | C25H32O13 |
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—— | [(2R,3S,4R,6R)-6-[(2R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S)-4-[(2R,3S,4Z,6Z,9R,10S,11S,12R,13R,14Z,16E)-11-ethyl-10,12-dihydroxy-3,17-dimethoxy-7,9,13,15-tetramethyl-18-oxo-1-oxacyclooctadeca-4,6,14,16-tetraen-2-yl]-3-hydroxypentan-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] carbamate | 80890-47-7 | C46H75NO14 |
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—— | (3R,4S,6S,8S,10R,12R,14R,16S,17Z,19Z,21Z,23Z,25Z,27S,28R)-4,6,8,10,12,14,16,27-octahydroxy-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyhexyl]-17,28-dimethyl-1-oxacyclooctacosa-17,19,21,23,25-pentaen-2-one | 11078-21-0 | C35H58O11 |
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—— | D-gulonic acid ; calcium compound | 299-28-5 | 2C6H11O7*Ca |
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—— | <i>dl</i>-mannonic acid ; calcium compound | 299-28-5 | 2C6H11O7*Ca |
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—— | calcium L-gluconate | 299-28-5 | 2C6H11O7*Ca |
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—— | lincomycin | 154-21-2 | C18H34N2O6S |
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—— | Piperacillin | 59703-84-3 | C23H26N5O7S*Na |
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—— | dihydrostreptomycin sulfate | 1425-61-2 | C21H41N7O12*H2O4S |
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—— | (Z)-2-(4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethylamine citrate | 76487-65-5 | C6H8O7*C26H29NO |
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—— | Dihydrochinidin | 1435-55-8 | C20H26N2O2 |
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—— | fursultiamine hydrochloride | 2105-43-3 | C17H26N4O3S2*ClH |
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—— | (8R,9S,13S,14S,17R)-17-acetyl-17-hydroxy-13-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one | 2137-18-0 | C20H28O3 |
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—— | Oxyfedrin | 10097-61-7 | C19H23NO3 |
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—— | sodium cacodylate | 124-65-2 | C2H6AsO2*Na |
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—— | ajmalan-17,21α-diol | 509-37-5 | C20H26N2O2 |
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—— | ajmalane-17,21-diol | 509-37-5 | C20H26N2O2 |
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—— | Freies Radikal von Perphenazin | 58-39-9 | C21H26ClN3OS |
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