Palmitic acid is rapidly metabolized, primarily by beta-oxidation. In addition to oxidative breakdown, palmitic acid undergoes a variety of conversion reactions in the liver and intestinal mucosa to stearic, oleic, palmitoleic, and myristic acids. omega-Oxidation, prior to beta-oxidation, may account for 5 to 10% of the hepatic metabolism of palmitic acid in the starved rat. After oxidation or conversion to other long-chain fatty acids or phospholipids, the carbon skeleton of palmitic acid is stored in the form of esterified cholesterol or returned to the plasma, depending upon the nutritional state of the organism.
Proposed mechanisms for fatty acid uptake by different tissues range from passive diffusion to facilitated diffusion or a combination of both. Fatty acids taken up by the tissues can either be stored in the form of triglycerides (98% of which occurs in adipose tissue depots) or they can be oxidized for energy via the beta-oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways of catabolism. /Fatty acids/
The beta-oxidation of fatty acids occurs in most vertebrate tissues (except the brain) using an enzyme complex for the series of oxidation and hydration reactions resulting in the cleavage of acetate groups as acetyl-CoA (coenzyme A). An additional isomerization reaction is required for the complete catabolism of oleic acid. Alternate oxidation pathways can be found in the liver (omega-oxidation) and in the brain (alpha-oxidation). /fatty acids/
Fatty acid biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA takes place primarily in the liver, adipose tissue, and mammary glands of higher animals. Successive reduction and dehydration reactions yield saturated fatty acids up to a 16-carbon chain length. /Fatty acids/
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Palmitic acid is a solid. It is one of the most common fatty acids, which occurs in natural fats and oils. It is used as soap and cosmetics agent. It is also used in manufacture of metallic palmitates, lube oils, waterproofing, and food-grade additives. HUMAN STUDIES: Palmitic acid was a mild irritant when applied to human skin (75 mg total over 3 days). The excess of saturated free fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, that induces lipotoxicity in hepatocytes, has been implicated in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease also associated with insulin resistance. Growing evidence suggests that the elevation of free fatty acids, including palmitic acid, are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be involved in endothelial dysfunction, characterized by the reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) synthesized from endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Palmitic acid was found to induce significantly elevated levels of biologically active neutrophil chemoattractant, IL-8, from steatotic hepatocytes. In human Chang liver cells palmitic acid induced apoptosis accompanied by autophagy through mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which are triggered by oxidative stress. Palmitic acid also stimulated pro-inflammatory responses in human immune cells via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In large prospective cohort, circulating palmitic acid was associated with higher diabetes risk. However, palmitic acid also plays an important role in early human development. At birth, the term infant is 13-15% body fat, with 45-50% of that as palmitic acid, much of which is derived from endogenous synthesis in the fetus. Palmitic acid is required for biosynthesis of lung lecithin, which is related to fetal maturation. Radiochromatogram showed high incorporation of palmitate into lecithin by fetal lung. Palmitic acid at concentrations up to 100 mg/dL showed little or no toxicity to sperm cells. Palmitic acid markedly suppressed the granulosa cell survival in a time- and dose-dependent manner. ANIMAL STUDIES: Administration of product formulations containing 2.2-74% palmitic acid produced minimal erythema and no edema 2-24 hr after application to the skin of albino rabbits. Administration of commercial grade palmitic acid to the eyes of 6 albino rabbits produced no irritation. Mild to moderate ocular irritation was produced in rabbits by product formulations containing 19.4% palmitic acid. One of these formulations had been diluted to 75% with corn oil. Cosmetic product formulations containing 2.2 and 4.4% palmitic acid produced no ocular irritation in 6 albino rabbits. Administration of up to 10 mL/kg of commercial-grade palmitic acid to rats caused no deaths and no significant gross lesions at necropsy. Transient clinical signs, such as unkempt fur, diarrhea, and slight CNS depression were seen at 4.64 and 10 mL/kg. Rats fed diets containing 4.6 g/kg/day palmitic acid for 6 weeks developed hyperlipemia. Rats that ingested a diet containing 6% palmitic acid for 16 weeks developed atherosclerotic lesions. Palmitic acid was administered to 16 mice at a dose of 1.0 mg 3 times per week for a total of 10 injections (total dose, 10 mg palmitic acid/mL tricaprylin). Eight mice were alive after 12 months, and 6 were alive after 18 months. One subcutaneous sarcoma was found after 19 months, 2 pulmonary neoplasms were found after 19 and 22 months, and 1 breast carcinoma was found after 22 months. Brief palmitic acid exposure of murine blastocysts resulted in altered embryonic metabolism and growth, with lasting adverse effects on offspring. Palmitic acid inhibited the cell growth in rat hepatocytes.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类不具有致癌性(未被国际癌症研究机构IARC列名)。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过吸入其气溶胶和通过摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
Immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment can cause severe side effects. Patients taking immunosuppressant after organ transplantation often display hyperlipidemia and obesity. Elevated levels of free fatty acids have been linked to the etiology of metabolic syndromes, nonalcoholic fatty liver and steatohepatitis. The contribution of free fatty acids to CsA-induced toxicity is not known. In this study we explored the effect of palmitic acid on CsA-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells. CsA by itself at therapeutic exposure levels did not induce detectible cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Co-treatment of palmitic acid and CsA resulted in a dose dependent increase in cytotoxicity, suggesting that fatty acid could sensitize cells to CsA-induced cytotoxicity at the therapeutic doses of CsA. A synergized induction of caspase-3/7 activity was also observed, indicating that apoptosis may contribute to the cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that CsA reduced cellular oxygen consumption which was further exacerbated by palmitic acid, implicating that impaired mitochondrial respiration might be an underlying mechanism for the enhanced toxicity. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) attenuated palmitic acid and CsA induced toxicity, suggesting that JNK activation plays an important role in mediating the enhanced palmitic acid/CsA-induced toxicity. Our data suggest that elevated FFA levels, especially saturated FFA such as palmitic acid, may be predisposing factors for CsA toxicity, and patients with underlying diseases that would elevate free fatty acids may be susceptible to CsA-induced toxicity. Furthermore, hyperlipidemia/obesity resulting from immunosuppressive therapy may aggravate CsA-induced toxicity and worsen the outcome in transplant patients.
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an increasingly common cause of chronic liver disease; however, no specific pharmacologic therapy has been shown to be effective in its treatment. The present study was designed to develop an experimental cell culture model of NASH using four kinds of fatty acids - palmitic acid (PA), stearic acid (SA), linoleic acid (LA), and oleic acid (OA) - and TNF-a, according to the two-hit hypothesis. The saturated fatty acids PA and SA are more cytotoxic than the unsaturated fatty acids OA and LA. Cellular lipid accumulation without cytotoxicity was more easily induced with the unsaturated fatty acids than with the saturated fatty acids. PA augmented TNF-a-induced cytotoxicity, while the unsaturated fatty acids attenuated TNF-a-induced cytotoxicity. In a mechanistic study, PA enhanced TNF-a-mediated apoptosis in the absence of oxidative stress, as determined by measuring the cellular glutathione and malondialdehyde levels. Moreover, PA inhibited the TNF-a-induced phosphorylation of AKT, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase, indicating that inhibition of survival signaling pathways activated by TNF-a may explain the effects of PA on TNF-a-induced cytotoxicity. The in vitro NASH model established in this study may be used to screen drug candidates for suitability for the treatment of NASH.
Added (14)C-labeled palmitate was more significantly incorporated into lipid fractions of muscle fibers from fetal and neonatal monkeys than those from adults. /Palmitate/
Radioactivity has been traced to the heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, muscle, intestine, adrenal, blood, and lymph, and adipose, mucosal, and dental tissues after administration of radioactive oleic, palmitic, or stearic acids.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
[EN] TARGETED DELIVERY AND PRODRUG DESIGNS FOR PLATINUM-ACRIDINE ANTI-CANCER COMPOUNDS AND METHODS THEREOF<br/>[FR] ADMINISTRATION CIBLÉE ET CONCEPTIONS DE PROMÉDICAMENTS POUR COMPOSÉS ANTICANCÉREUX À BASE DE PLATINE ET D'ACRIDINE ET MÉTHODES ASSOCIÉES
申请人:WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
公开号:WO2013033430A1
公开(公告)日:2013-03-07
Acridine containing cispiaiin compounds have been disclosed that show greater efficacy against cancer than other cisplatin compounds. Methods of delivery of those more effective eisp!aiin compounds to the nucleus in cancer ceils is disclosed using one or more amino acids, one or more sugars, one or more polymeric ethers, C i^aikylene-phenyl-NH-C(0)-R.15, folic acid, av03 iniegriii RGD binding peptide, tamoxifen, endoxifen, epidermal growth factor receptor, antibody conjugates, kinase inhibitors, diazoles, triazol.es, oxazoies, erlotinib, and/or mixtures thereof; wherein R]§ is a peptide.
[EN] ACC INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF<br/>[FR] INHIBITEURS DE L'ACC ET UTILISATIONS ASSOCIÉES
申请人:GILEAD APOLLO LLC
公开号:WO2017075056A1
公开(公告)日:2017-05-04
The present invention provides compounds I and II useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.
Compositions for Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Chronic Diseases
申请人:Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
公开号:US20150231142A1
公开(公告)日:2015-08-20
The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an inhibitor of epithelial sodium channel activity in combination with at least one ABC Transporter modulator compound of Formula A, Formula B, Formula C, or Formula D. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations thereof, and to methods of using such compositions in the treatment of CFTR mediated diseases, particularly cystic fibrosis using the pharmaceutical combination compositions.
[EN] COMPOUNDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF AMYLOID-ASSOCIATED DISEASES<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS POUR LE TRAITEMENT DE MALADIES ASSOCIÉES À LA SUBSTANCE AMYLOÏDE
申请人:REMYND NV
公开号:WO2016083490A1
公开(公告)日:2016-06-02
This invention provides novel compounds of formulae (I) or (II) or a stereoisomer, enantiomer, racemic, or tautomer thereof, (I) (II) wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification. The present invention also relates to the novel compounds for use as a medicine, more in particular for the prevention or treatment of amyloid-related diseases, more specifically certain neurological disorders, such as disorders collectively known as tauopathies, disorders characterized by cytotoxic α-synuclein amyloidogenesis. The present invention also relates to the use of said novel compounds for the manufacture of medicaments useful for treating such amyloid-related diseases. The present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions including said novel compounds and to methods for the preparation of said novel compounds.
[EN] IMPROVED SYNTHETIC METHODS OF MAKING (2H-1,2,3-TRIAZOL-2-YL)PHENYL COMPOUNDS AS OREXIN RECEPTOR MODULATORS<br/>[FR] PROCÉDÉS SYNTHÉTIQUES AMÉLIORÉS POUR LA FABRICATION DE COMPOSÉS DE (2H-1,2,3-TRIAZOL-2-YL)PHÉNYLE UTILISÉS COMME MODULATEURS DES RÉCEPTEURS DE L'OREXINE
申请人:JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV
公开号:WO2021023843A1
公开(公告)日:2021-02-11
Processes for preparing (((3aR,6aS)-5-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)(2-fluoro-6-(2H-l,2,3-triazol-2- yl)phenyl)methanone are described, which are useful for commercial manufacturing. Said compound is an orexin receptor modulator and may be useful in pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment of diseased states, disorders, and conditions mediated by orexin activity, such as insomnia and depression.