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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂 酯类

    酯类

    酯类 定义与结构

    酯是一类含有官能团-R-O-R'的化合物，其中R和R'可以是烷基、芳香基或其他有机基团。酯通常由羧酸（-COOH）与醇（-OH）通过缩合反应制备而来。

    合成方法
    1. 酯化反应：最常见的是通过酯化反应，即羧酸与醇在酸或碱催化下生成酯和水。
    2. 直接合成：某些特定条件下可以直接合成酯类化合物。
    3. 酶法合成：利用酶作为催化剂的生物合成途径。
    物理化学性质
    • 酯通常具有较高的沸点，且多为无色液体或固体。
    • 由于含有-O-键，在水中的溶解度较低，但能溶于有机溶剂中。
    • 酯易被强酸、碱催化水解生成相应的醇和羧酸。
    应用领域
    1. 医药行业：许多药物分子中含有酯基团。例如，某些抗生素结构中有酯键。
    2. 食品工业：天然和合成的食用香料中常含有酯类化合物，赋予食物特殊的香气和风味。
    3. 塑料与涂料：某些类型的塑料、清漆和其他涂料也由酯构成或含酯成分。
    环境影响

    一些酯物质可能会在环境中积累，并具有一定的毒性。因此，在生产和使用过程中需采取适当措施减少其对环境的影响。

    安全性

    酯类化合物一般较为稳定，但在特定条件下可能发生水解、氧化等反应。对于某些特殊的酯类，如含有有毒基团的酯，则需要特别注意储存和处理以避免对人体健康造成危害。

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— methyl (S)-3-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl)propanoate 119109-61-4 C7H11NO4
    methyl (S)-3-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl)propanoate
    —— diethyl (E)-(3-oxo-3-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl)phosphonate 70508-77-9 C13H17O4P
    diethyl (E)-(3-oxo-3-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl)phosphonate
    —— propanedioic {[4-(2-propynyloxy)phenyl]methylene}-diethyl ester 146763-69-1 C17H18O5
    propanedioic {[4-(2-propynyloxy)phenyl]methylene}-diethyl ester
    —— methyl 4-(diphenylphosphoryl)benzoate 5032-55-3 C20H17O3P
    methyl 4-(diphenylphosphoryl)benzoate
    —— (2S,3S)-ethyl 3-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carboxylate hydrochloride 1626394-43-1 C11H19NO2*ClH
    (2S,3S)-ethyl 3-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carboxylate hydrochloride
    —— tert-butyl 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)acrylate 818-00-8 C9H17NO2
    tert-butyl 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)acrylate
    —— acetic acid-(2,2,2-tribromo-ethyl ester) 599-99-5 C4H5Br3O2
    acetic acid-(2,2,2-tribromo-ethyl ester)
    —— methyl 3-(diphenylphosphanyl)propanoate 76734-29-7 C16H17O2P
    methyl 3-(diphenylphosphanyl)propanoate
    —— Ethyl 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1,2-benzisoxazole-3-carboxylate 40499-70-5 C10H15NO3
    Ethyl 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1,2-benzisoxazole-3-carboxylate
    —— methyl 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate 936328-79-9 C12H14O3
    methyl 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
    —— 8 Bornyl acetate 5655-61-8 C12H20O2
    8 Bornyl acetate
    —— diisopropyl (2-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)phosphonate 176645-37-7 C11H24NO3P
    diisopropyl (2-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)phosphonate
    —— Elenolic acid 2-O-glucoside 60539-23-3 C17H24O11
    Elenolic acid 2-O-glucoside
    —— diisopropyl phenyl phosphate 51496-03-8 C12H19O4P
    diisopropyl phenyl phosphate
    —— methyl 7-chloro-1H-indazole-4-carboxylate 1079993-27-3 C9H7ClN2O2
    methyl 7-chloro-1H-indazole-4-carboxylate
    —— (1S,4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl acrylate 5888-33-5 C13H20O2
    (1S,4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl acrylate
    —— methyl 5-bromo-1H-indole-4-carboxylate 731810-04-1 C10H8BrNO2
    methyl 5-bromo-1H-indole-4-carboxylate
    —— ethyl 2,2-dimethylbutanoate 5129-40-8 C8H16O2
    ethyl 2,2-dimethylbutanoate
    —— tert-butyl 3-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxylate 186551-70-2 C9H14N2O2
    tert-butyl 3-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxylate
    —— dimethyl malonate 108-59-8 C5H8O4
    dimethyl malonate
    —— ethyl [(4-mercapto-2-methylphenyl)oxy]acetate 343322-82-7 C11H14O3S
    ethyl [(4-mercapto-2-methylphenyl)oxy]acetate
    —— Ethyl α-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylidene)acetate 78167-64-3 C9H15NO2
    Ethyl α-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylidene)acetate
    —— methyl N-benzoylalaninate 7244-67-9 C11H13NO3
    methyl N-benzoylalaninate
    —— butan-2-yl N-benzylcarbamate 69805-82-9 C12H17NO2
    butan-2-yl N-benzylcarbamate
    —— Boc-Glu(OEt)-OEt 130696-54-7 C14H25NO6
    Boc-Glu(OEt)-OEt
    —— methyl pyrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine-3-carboxylate 53946-83-1 C8H7N3O2
    methyl pyrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine-3-carboxylate
    —— 2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylpiperidin-1-ium 30727-18-5 C9H18NO2+
    2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylpiperidin-1-ium
    —— 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)-4-oxopiperidin-1-ium 56026-52-9 C7H12NO3+
    3-(Methoxycarbonyl)-4-oxopiperidin-1-ium
    —— 2-[6-(2-tert-Butoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl]ethan-1-aminium 125995-13-3 C14H28NO4+
    2-[6-(2-tert-Butoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl]ethan-1-aminium
    —— 4-tert-Butoxy-4-oxo-1-phenylbutan-2-aminium 120686-17-1 C14H22NO2+
    4-tert-Butoxy-4-oxo-1-phenylbutan-2-aminium
    —— 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)-5-methylhexanoate 130165-76-3 C9H15O4-
    3-(Methoxycarbonyl)-5-methylhexanoate
    —— 3-tert-Butoxy-3-oxo-1-phenylpropan-1-aminium 120686-18-2 C13H20NO2+
    3-tert-Butoxy-3-oxo-1-phenylpropan-1-aminium
    —— 4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, monomethyl ester, (1S,2R)- 88335-93-7 C9H11O4-
    4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, monomethyl ester, (1S,2R)-
    —— 2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)cyclohexan-1-aminium 1127-99-7 C9H18NO2+
    2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)cyclohexan-1-aminium
    —— (2E)-1-(1,1-Dimethylethyl) 3-carboxy-2-propeneperoxoate 1931-62-0 C8H12O5
    (2E)-1-(1,1-Dimethylethyl) 3-carboxy-2-propeneperoxoate
    —— Bis((-)-pinanediolato) diboron 230299-17-9 C20H32B2O4
    Bis((-)-pinanediolato) diboron
    —— methyl 4-[3-[(1Z,3E,5E,8E)-tetradeca-1,3,5,8-tetraenyl]oxiran-2-yl]butanoate 72345-92-7 C21H32O3
    methyl 4-[3-[(1Z,3E,5E,8E)-tetradeca-1,3,5,8-tetraenyl]oxiran-2-yl]butanoate
    —— 4-(Methoxycarbonyl)piperidin-1-ium 2971-79-1 C7H14NO2+
    4-(Methoxycarbonyl)piperidin-1-ium
    —— 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-[3-[3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropoxy]propoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol 92457-02-8 C18H34O13
    2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-[3-[3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropoxy]propoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— β-Hydroxybutyl-methacrylat 13159-51-8 C8H14O3
    β-Hydroxybutyl-methacrylat
    —— Cyclohexanemethanol, alpha,3,3-trimethyl-, 1-formate 25225-08-5 C11H20O2
    Cyclohexanemethanol, alpha,3,3-trimethyl-, 1-formate
    —— Methyl 3-[3,8,13,17-tetrakis(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,18-tris(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-21,24-dihydroporphyrin-2-yl]propanoate 15435-60-6 C48H54N4O16
    Methyl 3-[3,8,13,17-tetrakis(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,18-tris(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-21,24-dihydroporphyrin-2-yl]propanoate
    —— Propan-2-yl 7-{2-[4-(3-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxybut-1-en-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxycyclopentyl}hept-5-enoate 157283-66-4 C25H35ClO6
    Propan-2-yl 7-{2-[4-(3-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxybut-1-en-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxycyclopentyl}hept-5-enoate
    —— Bis[(+)-pinanediolato]diboron 230299-17-9 C20H32B2O4
    Bis[(+)-pinanediolato]diboron
    —— 2-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-N-[(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)methylideneamino]acetamide 6987-22-0 C16H17ClN2O2S
    2-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-N-[(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)methylideneamino]acetamide
    —— 4-[(3,5-Dimethyl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)iminomethyl]-2,6-dimethoxyphenol 6078-06-4 C13H16N4O3
    4-[(3,5-Dimethyl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)iminomethyl]-2,6-dimethoxyphenol
    —— methyl (1S,2R,4R)-1-methoxybicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylate 5259-50-7 C11H16O3
    methyl (1S,2R,4R)-1-methoxybicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylate
    —— phenethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate 100981-80-4 C15H14O4
    phenethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate
    —— Benzotriazol-1-yl-piperidin-1-yl-acetic acid ethyl ester 122806-04-6 C15H20N4O2
    Benzotriazol-1-yl-piperidin-1-yl-acetic acid ethyl ester
    —— tert-butyl hept-6-ynoate 1203588-17-3 C11H18O2
    tert-butyl hept-6-ynoate