酯类
酯类
定义与结构
酯是一类含有官能团-R-O-R'的化合物，其中R和R'可以是烷基、芳香基或其他有机基团。酯通常由羧酸（-COOH）与醇（-OH）通过缩合反应制备而来。
合成方法- 酯化反应：最常见的是通过酯化反应，即羧酸与醇在酸或碱催化下生成酯和水。
- 直接合成：某些特定条件下可以直接合成酯类化合物。
- 酶法合成：利用酶作为催化剂的生物合成途径。
- 酯通常具有较高的沸点，且多为无色液体或固体。
- 由于含有-O-键，在水中的溶解度较低，但能溶于有机溶剂中。
- 酯易被强酸、碱催化水解生成相应的醇和羧酸。
- 医药行业：许多药物分子中含有酯基团。例如，某些抗生素结构中有酯键。
- 食品工业：天然和合成的食用香料中常含有酯类化合物，赋予食物特殊的香气和风味。
- 塑料与涂料：某些类型的塑料、清漆和其他涂料也由酯构成或含酯成分。
一些酯物质可能会在环境中积累，并具有一定的毒性。因此，在生产和使用过程中需采取适当措施减少其对环境的影响。
安全性酯类化合物一般较为稳定，但在特定条件下可能发生水解、氧化等反应。对于某些特殊的酯类，如含有有毒基团的酯，则需要特别注意储存和处理以避免对人体健康造成危害。
相关化合物
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| (2-氟苯甲酰)乙酸乙酯 | ethyl 2-fluorobenzoylacetate | 1479-24-9 | C11H11FO3 |
| (2-戊基)丙二酸二乙酯 | diethyl (1-methylbutyl)malonate | 117-47-5 | C12H22O4 |
| (2,3-二氢-2-硫酮-3-苯并唑)膦酸二苯酯 | diphenyl (2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-benzoxazoyl)phosphonate | 111160-56-6 | C19H14NO4PS |
| (1r,4r)-乙基 4-甲酰基环己烷羧酸 | 4-formylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester | 104802-53-1 | C10H16O3 |
| (1S,5R)-1-苯基-3-氧杂双环[3.1.0]己烷-2-酮 | O,O-diethyl (fluoromethyl)phosphonate | 96857-55-5 | C5H12FO3P |
| (1S,4S)-5-(苯甲基)-2,5-二氮杂双环[2.2.1]庚烷-2-甲酸叔丁酯 | (1S,4S)-5-Benzyl-2-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2,5-diazabicyclo<2.2.1>heptane | 132666-68-3 | C17H24N2O2 |
| (1S,3s)-n-boc-1-氨基环戊烷-3-羧酸甲酯 | (1S,3S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)cyclopentane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester | 329910-39-6 | C12H21NO4 |
| (1S,3R)-3-氨基环戊烷甲酸甲酯盐酸盐 | (1S,3R)-3-amino-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride | 180323-49-3 | C7H13NO2*ClH |
| (1R,3s,5S)-叔丁基3-羟基-8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-8-羧酸 | tert-butyl (1R,5S)-3-hydroxy-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate | 194222-05-4 | C12H21NO3 |
| (1R,3S)-3-氨基-1-(boc-氨基)环己烷 | tert-butyl ((1R,3S)-3-aminocyclohexyl)carbamate | 1259278-17-5 | C11H22N2O2 |
| (1R,3S)-1-(1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-5-氯-1H-吲哚-3-基)-6,7-二羟基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉-3-羧酸甲酯 | 1-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester | 1395347-28-0 | C24H25ClN2O6 |
| (1R,3R)-3-{{[(叔丁氧基)羰基]氨基}环戊烷-1-羧酸甲酯 | (1R,3R)-3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid methyl ester | 489446-72-2 | C12H21NO4 |
| (1R,2S)-REL-1-[[(1,1-二甲基乙氧基)羰基]氨基]-2-乙烯基-环丙羧酸乙酯 | N-Boc-(1R,2S)-1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropane carboxylic acid ethyl ester | 259217-95-3 | C13H21NO4 |
| (1R,2S)-1-氨基-2-乙烯基环丙烷甲酸甲酯盐酸盐 | (1R,2S)-1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride | 259214-58-9 | C7H11NO2*ClH |
| (1R,2R)-2-氨基甲基-环己烷甲酸叔丁酯 | (1R,2R)-2-Aminomethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester | 1374406-88-8 | C12H23NO2 |
| (1R,2R)-2-(4-溴苯甲酰基)-环戊烷羧酸甲酯 | methyl (1R,2R)-2-(4-bromobenzoyl)cyclopentanecarboxylate | 791594-14-4 | C14H15BrO3 |
| (1H-吡唑-3-基)乙酸乙酯 | ethyl 2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)acetate | 82668-50-6 | C7H10N2O2 |
| (12E)-氧杂环十六碳-12-烯-2-酮 | habanolide | 111879-80-2 | C15H26O2 |
| (11E)-11-十八碳烯-9-炔酸乙酯 | octadec-11<i>t</i>-en-9-ynoic acid ethyl ester | 159534-89-1 | C20H34O2 |
| (1-甲基丁基)烯丙基丙二酸二乙酯 | allyl-(1-methyl-butyl)-malonic acid diethyl ester | 6285-59-2 | C15H26O4 |
| (1-乙烯基-2-氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛-4-基)乙酸甲酯 | (1-vinyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-4-yl)methyl acetate | 340023-02-1 | C12H18O3 |
| (1-(4-氯苯基)戊-4-烯-2-基)氨基甲酸甲酯 | N-Methoxycarbonyl-1-(4-chlorbenzyl)-but-3-enylamin | 18605-65-7 | C13H16ClNO2 |
| (1,3-二氧代丙烷-1,3-二基)双氨基甲酸二乙酯 | malonyldiurethane | 49754-15-6 | C9H14N2O6 |
| (1,3-二噻烷-2-基)膦酸二乙酯 | [1,3]Dithian-2-yl-phosphonic acid diethyl ester | 62999-73-9 | C8H17O3PS2 |
| (1,3,4,9-四氢-b-咔啉-2-基)-乙酸甲酯 | methyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarboline-2-ylacetate | 121911-03-3 | C14H16N2O2 |
| (-)-甲基-D-BATA-羟基异丁酸酯 | methyl (R)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate | 72657-23-9 | C5H10O3 |
| (-)-丙酸甲酯 | D,L-menthyl propionate | 4951-48-8 | C13H24O2 |
| (+/-)-1,2,2,2-四氯乙基氯甲酸酯 | 1,2,2,2-tetrachloroethyl chloroformate | 98015-53-3 | C3HCl5O2 |
| (+)-氯甲酸薄荷醇酯 | (+)-(1S,2R,5S)-menthylchloroformate | 7635-54-3 | C11H19ClO2 |
| ((1S,3R)-3-氨基环己基)氨基甲酸叔丁酯 | tert-butyl ((1S,3R)-3-aminocyclohexyl)carbamate | 1298101-47-9 | C11H22N2O2 |
| ((1-(氰甲基)环己基)甲基)氨基甲酸叔丁酯 | (1-cyanomethyl-cyclohexylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester | 227626-62-2 | C14H24N2O2 |
| —— | Benzyl 3-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate | 1115390-13-0 | C17H24N2O4 |
| —— | tert-butyl 2-(5-fluoro-2-nitrophenyl)acetate | 120542-03-2 | C12H14FNO4 |
| —— | 1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropyliden-α-D-galaktopyranose-6-(isopropylsulfat) | 53209-14-6 | C15H26O9S |
| —— | tert-butyl hept-6-yn-1-ylcarbamate | 1192373-48-0 | C12H21NO2 |
| —— | 9-(5-amino-2,3,5-trideoxy-β-D-glycero-pent-2-enofuranosyl)adenine | 62748-93-0 | C10H12N6O |
| —— | (2R)-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-[(1'R)-1',2'-dihydroxyethyl]-pyrrolidine | 1238752-87-8 | C11H21NO4 |
| —— | methyl 3-methyl-7-benzo<b>thiophenecarboxylate | 130220-05-2 | C11H10O2S |
| —— | (3S)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid;ethyl piperidine-3-carboxylate | 83602-38-4 | C12H21NO8 |
| —— | Azane;(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propanoate | 174569-25-6 | C10H18N2O6 |
| —— | tert-butyl 2-cyanobenzoate | 88636-64-0 | C12H13NO2 |
| —— | 1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester | 109175-10-2 | C11H10N2O4 |
| —— | D-glycero-D-talo-heptono-1,4-lactone | 60046-25-5 | C7H12O7 |
| —— | methyl 2-[3-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]acetate | 1030829-37-8 | C11H14O3 |
| —— | 2,4-Dichloro-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester | 102274-43-1 | C13H11Cl2N3O4 |
| —— | methyl 2-(4-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)acetate | 66621-52-1 | C7H7ClN2O2 |
| —— | methyl 2-((1r,4r)-4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclohexyl)acetate | 701232-69-1 | C21H31BO4 |
| —— | (3aS,4S,6aR)-6-Amino-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo[3,4-d][1,3]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester | 68674-02-2 | C9H15NO5 |
| —— | ethyl(2-cyano-2-(2-(3,5-dichloro-4-((5-isopropyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-3-yl)oxy)phenyl)hydrazono)acetyl)carbamate | 920509-33-7 | C19H18Cl2N6O5 |
| —— | 2-oxo-heptadecanoic acid ethyl ester | 855891-91-7 | C19H36O3 |
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