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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— Tris(2-chloroethoxy)silane 10138-79-1 C6H12Cl3O3Si
    Tris(2-chloroethoxy)silane
    —— N,O-bis(diethylhydrogensilyl)trifluoroacetamide 105384-38-1 C10H22F3NOSi2
    N,O-bis(diethylhydrogensilyl)trifluoroacetamide
    —— 3-((9,10-Dioxo-9,10-dihydro-1-anthryl)amino)-5,10-dihydroanthra(2,1,9-mna)benz(6,7)indazolo(2,3,4-fgh)acridine-5,10-dione 2459-82-7 C45H21N3O4
    3-((9,10-Dioxo-9,10-dihydro-1-anthryl)amino)-5,10-dihydroanthra(2,1,9-mna)benz(6,7)indazolo(2,3,4-fgh)acridine-5,10-dione
    —— (R-(R*,S*))-Dodecyldimethyl(alpha-methylphenacyl)ammonium bromide 57155-63-2 C23H40BrNO
    (R-(R*,S*))-Dodecyldimethyl(alpha-methylphenacyl)ammonium bromide
    —— Sulfonium, triphenyl-, salt with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (1:1) 66003-78-9 C19H16F3O3S2+
    Sulfonium, triphenyl-, salt with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (1:1)
    —— ethyl (Z)-2-(2-aminothiazole-4-yl)-2-(2-tert.-butoxycarbonylprop-2-oxyimino) acetate 86299-46-9 C15H23N3O5S
    ethyl (Z)-2-(2-aminothiazole-4-yl)-2-(2-tert.-butoxycarbonylprop-2-oxyimino) acetate
    —— (R)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-phosphate monoanion 39648-67-4 C20H12O4P
    (R)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-phosphate monoanion
    —— ethyl 6-nitro-3,4-(benzo-12-crown-4)benzoate 1204313-55-2 C15H19NO8
    ethyl 6-nitro-3,4-(benzo-12-crown-4)benzoate
    —— Laurinsaeure-cholesterylester 1908-11-8 C39H68O2
    Laurinsaeure-cholesterylester
    —— methyl 5-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)thiophene-2-carboxylate 666853-39-0 C11H15NO4S
    methyl 5-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)thiophene-2-carboxylate
    —— [17-[(E)-N-hydroxy-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate 2174-13-2 C23H33NO3
    [17-[(E)-N-hydroxy-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate
    —— triethyl phosphonoacetate 867-13-0 C8H17O5P
    triethyl phosphonoacetate
    —— 4-(N,N-DIMETHYLAMINO)AZOBENZENE-4'-ISOTHIOCYANATE 7612-98-8 C15H14N4S
    4-(N,N-DIMETHYLAMINO)AZOBENZENE-4'-ISOTHIOCYANATE
    —— Contrapar 2507-91-7 C8H16N6OS2
    Contrapar
    —— boron-dimethylsulfide 13292-87-0 B*C2H6S
    boron-dimethylsulfide
    —— (4-((Cyclopropylmethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)boronic acid 515140-26-8 C11H14BNO3
    (4-((Cyclopropylmethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)boronic acid
    —— (E)-trimethyl (3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)silane 55364-28-8 C6H11F3Si
    (E)-trimethyl (3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)silane
    —— Benzaldehyde, 4-(bis(phenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-, 2,2-diphenylhydrazone 103079-11-4 C34H31N3
    Benzaldehyde, 4-(bis(phenylmethyl)amino)-2-methyl-, 2,2-diphenylhydrazone
    —— methyl 6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy) nicotinate 1268609-70-6 C14H10F3NO3
    methyl 6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy) nicotinate
    —— 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde, 2,2-diphenylhydrazone 95993-52-5 C30H22N2
    1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde, 2,2-diphenylhydrazone
    —— (R)-alpine borane 64106-79-2 C18H31B
    (R)-alpine borane
    —— Hexanal, (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone 1527-97-5 C12H16N4O4
    Hexanal, (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone
    —— (-)(R)-heptane-carboxylic acid-(3)-ethyl ester 2983-37-1 C10H20O2
    (-)(R)-heptane-carboxylic acid-(3)-ethyl ester
    —— Pentanal, (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone 2057-84-3 C11H14N4O4
    Pentanal, (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone
    —— N-acetylisoleucine methyl ester 2256-76-0 C9H17NO3
    N-acetylisoleucine methyl ester
    —— (S,S',R,R')-tangphos 470480-32-1 C16H32P2
    (S,S',R,R')-tangphos
    —— 3-Methylnorbornan-2-on 5597-27-3 C8H10O
    3-Methylnorbornan-2-on
    —— bis(4-bromophenyl)fumaronitrile 315203-26-0 C16H8Br2N2
    bis(4-bromophenyl)fumaronitrile
    —— 2-Diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandion-1-hydrazon 5102-79-4 C23H18N2O2
    2-Diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandion-1-hydrazon
    —— ethyl (E)-2-methoxyimino-3-oxobutanoate 66340-41-8 C7H11NO4
    ethyl (E)-2-methoxyimino-3-oxobutanoate
    —— 3,4-diphenyl-5-ethylisoxazole 74048-23-0 C17H15NO
    3,4-diphenyl-5-ethylisoxazole
    —— bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,2-dimethanol 6707-12-6 C9H14O2
    bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,2-dimethanol
    —— D-Gluco-D-gulo-heptonsaeure-γ-lacton 89-67-8 C7H12O7
    D-Gluco-D-gulo-heptonsaeure-γ-lacton
    —— (Z)-4-nitrochalcone 1222-98-6 C15H11NO3
    (Z)-4-nitrochalcone
    —— 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-3α,4β,15-triol 15 acetate 2623-22-5 C17H24O6
    12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-3α,4β,15-triol 15 acetate
    —— 2-ethoxy-4,4,6-trimethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborinane 52386-21-7 C8H17BO3
    2-ethoxy-4,4,6-trimethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborinane
    —— DL-4-chlorophenylalanine t-butyl ester 81085-20-3 C13H18ClNO2
    DL-4-chlorophenylalanine t-butyl ester
    —— (Z)-diazene-1,2-diylbis(piperidin-1-ylmethanone) 10465-81-3 C12H20N4O2
    (Z)-diazene-1,2-diylbis(piperidin-1-ylmethanone)
    —— 3,4-epoxythiolane 1,1-dioxide 4509-11-9 C4H6O3S
    3,4-epoxythiolane 1,1-dioxide
    —— methyl 2-acetyl-3-nitrobenzoate 7407-52-5 C10H9NO5
    methyl 2-acetyl-3-nitrobenzoate
    —— (S)-2-β-cyanoethylcyclohexanone 4594-78-9 C9H13NO
    (S)-2-β-cyanoethylcyclohexanone
    —— methyl 3-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoate 40256-81-3 C8H6ClNO5
    methyl 3-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoate
    —— (E)-N'-(1,2-diphenylethylidene)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide 19816-85-4 C21H20N2O2S
    (E)-N'-(1,2-diphenylethylidene)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide
    —— 16α,17α-Epoxypregnenolon 974-23-2 C21H30O3
    16α,17α-Epoxypregnenolon
    —— trans-Cyclohexan-dicarbonsaeure-1,3-dimethylester 6998-82-9 C10H16O4
    trans-Cyclohexan-dicarbonsaeure-1,3-dimethylester
    —— 1-neopentyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole 1430751-26-0 C14H25BN2O2
    1-neopentyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole
    —— (2S)-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(4'-chloropyridin-3'-yl)propionic acid methyl ester 656801-18-2 C14H19ClN2O4
    (2S)-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(4'-chloropyridin-3'-yl)propionic acid methyl ester
    —— (-)-pinol 2437-97-0 C10H16O
    (-)-pinol
    —— 2-Brom-cyclobutan-1-carbonsaeure-aethylester 2983-89-3 C7H11BrO2
    2-Brom-cyclobutan-1-carbonsaeure-aethylester
    —— Chenodeoxycholsaeure (Acetylmethylester) 2616-71-9 C29H46O6
    Chenodeoxycholsaeure (Acetylmethylester)