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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— (2-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)hydrazine 90631-70-2 C7H9ClN2
    (2-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)hydrazine
    —— [1,1'-Bicyclohexyl]-4-methanol, 4'-pentyl-, (trans,trans)- 82598-08-1 C18H34O
    [1,1'-Bicyclohexyl]-4-methanol, 4'-pentyl-, (trans,trans)-
    —— tris(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-phosphine 25688-46-4 C21H12F9P
    tris(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-phosphine
    —— (4-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)phenyl)boronic acid 452369-36-7 C14H23BO3
    (4-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)phenyl)boronic acid
    —— (+)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-trans-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 1200-88-0 C9H10O4
    (+)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-trans-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
    —— Endo-cis-5,6-Dicarboxybicyclo<2.2.1>hept-2-en 1200-88-0 C9H10O4
    Endo-cis-5,6-Dicarboxybicyclo<2.2.1>hept-2-en
    —— undeca-ethylene glycol diacrylate 17831-71-9 C28H50O14
    undeca-ethylene glycol diacrylate
    —— (S)-2-amino-4-bromobutyric acid methyl ester 101650-17-3 C5H10BrNO2
    (S)-2-amino-4-bromobutyric acid methyl ester
    —— ethyl-vinyl-phosphinoyl chloride 61752-99-6 C4H8ClOP
    ethyl-vinyl-phosphinoyl chloride
    —— 2,2'-dimethylbenzidine dihydrochloride 60410-99-3 C14H16N2*2ClH
    2,2'-dimethylbenzidine dihydrochloride
    —— 2,4-difluorobenzaldehyde oxime 247092-11-1 C7H5F2NO
    2,4-difluorobenzaldehyde oxime
    —— acorga P50 50849-47-3 C16H25NO2
    acorga P50
    —— (R)-1-sec-butylurea 1642301-07-2 C5H12N2O
    (R)-1-sec-butylurea
    —— tris-biphenyl-4-yl-phosphine sulfide 5032-61-1 C36H27PS
    tris-biphenyl-4-yl-phosphine sulfide
    —— 1-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethylsulfonyl)-4-methylbenzene 62921-74-8 C14H22O5S
    1-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethylsulfonyl)-4-methylbenzene
    —— (+/-)-formic acid-[2<i>exo</i>]norbornyl ester 41498-71-9 C8H12O2
    (+/-)-formic acid-[2<i>exo</i>]norbornyl ester
    —— 3,4-bis(benzyloxy)benzaldehyde oxime 31123-05-4 C21H19NO3
    3,4-bis(benzyloxy)benzaldehyde oxime
    —— 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid 1634-82-8 C13H10N2O3
    2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid
    —— 1-(4'-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol 22805-43-2 C9H12O2
    1-(4'-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol
    —— dimethyl (2,2’-bifuran)-5,5’-dicarboxylate 5905-02-2 C12H10O6
    dimethyl (2,2’-bifuran)-5,5’-dicarboxylate
    —— (S)-2-fluorocyclohexanone 694-82-6 C6H9FO
    (S)-2-fluorocyclohexanone
    —— N-(Boc)-3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenethylamine 31493-49-9 C14H21NO4
    N-(Boc)-3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenethylamine
    —— methyl 2-fluoro-2-phenylacetate 924312-37-8 C9H8BrFO2
    methyl 2-fluoro-2-phenylacetate
    —— phenyl-trimethyl-ammonium perbromide 4207-56-1 Br*Br2*C9H14N
    phenyl-trimethyl-ammonium perbromide
    —— tert-butyl 3-(4-aminobenzyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate 1187172-03-7 C16H24N2O2
    tert-butyl 3-(4-aminobenzyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate
    —— 5-bromo-1H-indazole-4-carbonitrile 1459253-64-5 C8H4BrN3
    5-bromo-1H-indazole-4-carbonitrile
    —— N-succinocarboxamide-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide 3031-95-6 C13H19N4O12P
    N-succinocarboxamide-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide
    —— 2,6-dicyano-9,10-anthraquinone 52156-53-3 C16H6N2O2
    2,6-dicyano-9,10-anthraquinone
    —— 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine dihydrochloride 81012-99-9 C7H10N2O*2ClH
    3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine dihydrochloride
    —— sodium 2-phenylethylenesulfonate 2039-44-3 C8H7O3S*Na
    sodium 2-phenylethylenesulfonate
    —— (3R)-(+)-3-methylpentan-2-ol 565-60-6 C6H14O
    (3R)-(+)-3-methylpentan-2-ol
    —— (1R,4S)-2-acetyl-2-azabicyclo<2.2.1>hept-5-en-3-one 189098-29-1 C8H9NO2
    (1R,4S)-2-acetyl-2-azabicyclo<2.2.1>hept-5-en-3-one
    —— 3-fluoro-4-cyanophenyl 4-(trans-4-pentylcyclohexyl)benzoate 92118-84-8 C25H28FNO2
    3-fluoro-4-cyanophenyl 4-(trans-4-pentylcyclohexyl)benzoate
    —— Ethyl I+/--methyl-4-propylbenzeneacetate 3585-62-4 C14H20O2
    Ethyl I+/--methyl-4-propylbenzeneacetate
    —— (1S,2R,7R,8R,9R,11S)-4,10-dioxapentacyclo[6.3.1.02,7.03,5.09,11]dodecane 81-21-0 C10H12O2
    (1S,2R,7R,8R,9R,11S)-4,10-dioxapentacyclo[6.3.1.02,7.03,5.09,11]dodecane
    —— isobornyl methacrylate 1849650-46-9 C14H22O2
    isobornyl methacrylate
    —— Methyl 3-amino-2-cyanobenzoate 77326-43-3 C9H8N2O2
    Methyl 3-amino-2-cyanobenzoate
    —— 1-Cyano-4-(Trans-4-Propylcyclohexyl)Benzene 61203-99-4 C16H21N
    1-Cyano-4-(Trans-4-Propylcyclohexyl)Benzene
    —— methyl (R)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-cyclohexylpropanoate 195877-59-9 C15H27NO4
    methyl (R)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-cyclohexylpropanoate
    —— 4-fluoroisoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid 906820-10-8 C9H6FNO3S
    4-fluoroisoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid
    —— tert-butyl (2-bromo-5-methylphenyl)carbamate 1186637-29-5 C12H16BrNO2
    tert-butyl (2-bromo-5-methylphenyl)carbamate
    —— (3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-anthranilic acid methyl ester 53902-20-8 C19H19NO5
    (3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-anthranilic acid methyl ester
    —— methyl (2E)-3-[6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-enoate 1018673-96-5 C10H11NO3
    methyl (2E)-3-[6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl]prop-2-enoate
    —— dimesitylamine 6050-18-6 C18H23N
    dimesitylamine
    —— methyl 3,4-ethylenedioxyphenylacetate 25379-89-9 C11H12O4
    methyl 3,4-ethylenedioxyphenylacetate
    —— methyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoate 112914-03-1 C10H12ClNO3
    methyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoate
    —— (+)3-bromocamphor-8-sulfonic acid 5344-58-1 C10H15BrO4S
    (+)3-bromocamphor-8-sulfonic acid
    —— α-Brom-d-campher-ϖ-sulfonsaeure 5344-58-1 C10H15BrO4S
    α-Brom-d-campher-ϖ-sulfonsaeure
    —— (+/-)-3<i>endo</i>-bromo-2-oxo-bornane-8-sulfonic acid 5344-58-1 C10H15BrO4S
    (+/-)-3<i>endo</i>-bromo-2-oxo-bornane-8-sulfonic acid
    —— tert-butyl N-[2-(cyanomethyl)phenyl]carbamate 1238507-98-6 C13H16N2O2
    tert-butyl N-[2-(cyanomethyl)phenyl]carbamate