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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— naphthol yellow S 846-70-8 C10H4N2O8S*2Na
    naphthol yellow S
    —— Demoxepam 963-39-3 C15H11ClN2O2
    Demoxepam
    —— Benquinox 495-73-8 C13H11N3O2
    Benquinox
    —— Quinic acid 36413-60-2 C7H12O6
    Quinic acid
    —— p-benzoquinone dioxime 105-11-3 C6H6N2O2
    p-benzoquinone dioxime
    —— Naphthalene trisulfonate 19437-42-4 C10H5O9S3-3
    Naphthalene trisulfonate
    —— Promin 554-18-7 C24H36N2O18S3
    Promin
    —— 6-bromo-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide 198472-28-5 C10H6BrNO2S
    6-bromo-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide
    —— 2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-2H-indazol-4-ylboronic acid 1416327-31-5 C12H15BN2O3
    2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-2H-indazol-4-ylboronic acid
    —— O-1-hexylhydroxylamine hydrochloride 116008-12-9 C6H15NO*ClH
    O-1-hexylhydroxylamine hydrochloride
    —— tert-butyl 3-(cyanomethyl)-3-(dimethylamino)azetidine-1-carboxylate 1227245-62-6 C12H21N3O2
    tert-butyl 3-(cyanomethyl)-3-(dimethylamino)azetidine-1-carboxylate
    —— Sudan II 3118-97-6 C18H16N2O
    Sudan II
    —— (5-acetylthiophene-3-yl)boronic acid 942190-74-1 C6H7BO3S
    (5-acetylthiophene-3-yl)boronic acid
    —— 4,15-dichloro[2.2]paracyclophane 10366-05-9 C16H14Cl2
    4,15-dichloro[2.2]paracyclophane
    —— Tridodecylphosphinoxid 13176-23-3 C36H75OP
    Tridodecylphosphinoxid
    —— 4-Dicyclohexylphosphanyl-benzoic acid ethyl ester 40438-59-3 C21H31O2P
    4-Dicyclohexylphosphanyl-benzoic acid ethyl ester
    —— 3-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-methoxycarbonyl-benzaldehyd 90888-29-2 C10H10O4
    3-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-methoxycarbonyl-benzaldehyd
    —— 1-(Thiophen-3-yl)but-3-yn-1-ol 1249082-10-7 C8H8OS
    1-(Thiophen-3-yl)but-3-yn-1-ol
    —— Vinyl-dibutyl-phosphinoxid 4569-33-9 C10H21OP
    Vinyl-dibutyl-phosphinoxid
    —— (3-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)phenyl)boronic acid 885067-95-8 C10H12BNO2
    (3-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)phenyl)boronic acid
    —— D-Glucoheptonic acid-1,4-lactone 89-67-8 C7H12O7
    D-Glucoheptonic acid-1,4-lactone
    —— penicillic acid 90-65-3 C8H10O4
    penicillic acid
    —— Oleanonsaeure-methylester 1721-58-0 C31H48O3
    Oleanonsaeure-methylester
    —— N-<(tert-butyloxy)carbonyl>-5-hydroxy-6-methoxyisoindoline 156422-97-8 C14H19NO4
    N-<(tert-butyloxy)carbonyl>-5-hydroxy-6-methoxyisoindoline
    —— HEPES sodium salt 75277-39-3 C8H17N2O4S*Na
    HEPES sodium salt
    —— 1,4-Dibrom-naphthalin-d6 37011-83-9 C10H6Br2
    1,4-Dibrom-naphthalin-d6
    —— tri(1-naphthyl)phosphine sulfide 3411-49-2 C30H21PS
    tri(1-naphthyl)phosphine sulfide
    —— i-propyl 9-octadecenoate 112-11-8 C21H40O2
    i-propyl 9-octadecenoate
    —— 1-(Pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)phospholan 89243-58-3 C14H23P
    1-(Pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)phospholan
    —— Diphenyl(pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)phosphan 89243-59-4 C22H25P
    Diphenyl(pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)phosphan
    —— Tris<(di-n-propylamino)methyl>phosphinoxid 30708-11-3 C21H48N3OP
    Tris<(di-n-propylamino)methyl>phosphinoxid
    —— methyl 6-hydroxyundecanoate 315706-48-0 C12H24O3
    methyl 6-hydroxyundecanoate
    —— Disodium 7-bromo-3-[(hydroxyphosphinato)oxy]-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-2-carboximidate 530-79-0 C18H13BrNNa2O6P
    Disodium 7-bromo-3-[(hydroxyphosphinato)oxy]-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-2-carboximidate
    —— pentasodium;[2-[17-(1-hydroxyethyl)-22-[[2-[[3-hydroxy-2-[[2-(6-methyloctanoylamino)-4-(sulfonatomethylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-4-(sulfonatomethylamino)butanoyl]amino]-5,8-bis(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,9,12,15,18,23-heptaoxo-11,14-bis[2-(sulfonatomethylamino)ethyl]-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-2-yl]ethylamino]methanesulfonate 8068-28-8 C58H105N16Na5O28S5
    pentasodium;[2-[17-(1-hydroxyethyl)-22-[[2-[[3-hydroxy-2-[[2-(6-methyloctanoylamino)-4-(sulfonatomethylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-4-(sulfonatomethylamino)butanoyl]amino]-5,8-bis(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,9,12,15,18,23-heptaoxo-11,14-bis[2-(sulfonatomethylamino)ethyl]-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-2-yl]ethylamino]methanesulfonate
    —— Phenazine methosulfate 299-11-6 CH3O3S*C13H11N2
    Phenazine methosulfate
    —— 3-(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone oxime 99705-50-7 C9H8F3NO
    3-(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone oxime
    —— 1-naphthyl-di-tert-butylphosphine 200352-94-9 C18H25P
    1-naphthyl-di-tert-butylphosphine
    —— 2-[[N-(4,5-dimethyl-3-isoxazolyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)amino]sulfonyl]-phenylboronic acid 415697-58-4 C13H17BN2O6S
    2-[[N-(4,5-dimethyl-3-isoxazolyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)amino]sulfonyl]-phenylboronic acid
    —— 3,6-diazabicyclo<3.2.0>heptane 55402-83-0 C5H10N2
    3,6-diazabicyclo<3.2.0>heptane
    —— 3,5,6-Triphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetraazabicyclo[2.1.1]hex-1-ene 2218-94-2 C20H16N4
    3,5,6-Triphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetraazabicyclo[2.1.1]hex-1-ene
    —— 4-azaspiro[2.4]heptane hydrochloride 1414885-17-8 C6H11N*ClH
    4-azaspiro[2.4]heptane hydrochloride
    —— 2-[2-azido-2-(4-isopropyl-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-ethyl]-3-methyl-butyraldehyde 173154-02-4 C14H23N3O3
    2-[2-azido-2-(4-isopropyl-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-ethyl]-3-methyl-butyraldehyde
    —— 4-ethylamino-benzoyl chloride 4755-50-4 C9H10ClNO
    4-ethylamino-benzoyl chloride
    —— 2-(bromomethyl)-6-methylphenylboronic acid 1030832-22-4 C8H10BBrO2
    2-(bromomethyl)-6-methylphenylboronic acid
    —— 1,5-diphenylcarbazone 538-62-5 C13H12N4O
    1,5-diphenylcarbazone
    —— 1-(Bis-undecafluoropentyl-phosphinoyl)-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-undecafluoro-pentane 58431-35-9 C15F33OP
    1-(Bis-undecafluoropentyl-phosphinoyl)-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-undecafluoro-pentane
    —— N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-N-hydroxycinnamamide 69891-38-9 C17H17NO2
    N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-N-hydroxycinnamamide
    —— Tris-<o-dimethylamino-phenyl>-phosphin 30442-12-7 C24H30N3P
    Tris-<o-dimethylamino-phenyl>-phosphin
    —— Isovaleric acid, 2-bornyl ester 76-50-6 C15H26O2
    Isovaleric acid, 2-bornyl ester
    —— cis-3,cis-6-nonadienol 17587-33-6 C9H14O
    cis-3,cis-6-nonadienol