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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester 84494-70-2 C22H34O2
    Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester
    —— 5,5'-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bis(3-methylsalicylic) acid S,S-dioxide, sodium salt 83784-16-1 C23H18NaO9S+
    5,5'-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bis(3-methylsalicylic) acid S,S-dioxide, sodium salt
    —— lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate 29457-72-5 C8F17O3S*Li
    lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate
    —— 2,6-Bis-p-azidobenzyliden-cyclohexanon 20237-98-3 C20H16N6O
    2,6-Bis-p-azidobenzyliden-cyclohexanon
    —— cis-3-Hexenyl 2-methylbutanoate 53398-85-9 C11H20O2
    cis-3-Hexenyl 2-methylbutanoate
    —— (4Z)-1,4,9-Decatriene 10124-98-8 C10H16
    (4Z)-1,4,9-Decatriene
    —— methyl ester of 3-furylacetic acid 62689-88-7 C7H8O3
    methyl ester of 3-furylacetic acid
    —— 2-Methyl-2-(methylsulfinyl)propanal O-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime 1646-87-3 C7H14N2O3S
    2-Methyl-2-(methylsulfinyl)propanal O-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime
    —— N-Hexanal 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone 1527-97-5 C12H16N4O4
    N-Hexanal 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone
    —— 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde, 2-quinolinylhydrazone 7385-99-1 C15H12N4
    2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde, 2-quinolinylhydrazone
    —— 1-{N'-[(E)-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)methylidene]hydrazinecarbonyl}formamide 3270-71-1 C7H6N4O5
    1-{N'-[(E)-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)methylidene]hydrazinecarbonyl}formamide
    —— (E)-1-butylidene-2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazine 1527-98-6 C10H12N4O4
    (E)-1-butylidene-2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazine
    —— [17-[(Z)-N-hydroxy-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate 2174-13-2 C23H33NO3
    [17-[(Z)-N-hydroxy-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] acetate
    —— ethyl di-t-butylphosphinopropionate 64436-26-6 C13H27O2P
    ethyl di-t-butylphosphinopropionate
    —— (1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ylformaldehyde) thiosemicarbazone 5351-85-9 C9H9N3O2S
    (1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ylformaldehyde) thiosemicarbazone
    —— Lobetyolinin 142451-48-7 C26H38O13
    Lobetyolinin
    —— (1R)-Camphor oxime 2792-42-9 C10H17NO
    (1R)-Camphor oxime
    —— 2,6-bis(4-azidobenzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexanone 5284-79-7 C21H18N6O
    2,6-bis(4-azidobenzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexanone
    —— 2-Phenylchroman-4-one hydrazone 1692-46-2 C15H14N2O
    2-Phenylchroman-4-one hydrazone
    —— N,N-di(octadecyl)anilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate 462629-01-2 C24BF20*C42H79N*H
    N,N-di(octadecyl)anilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate
    —— [(2R,4S)-1,7,7-trimethyl-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl] 2-methylprop-2-enoate 4647-84-1 C14H22O2
    [(2R,4S)-1,7,7-trimethyl-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl] 2-methylprop-2-enoate
    —— Glutardialdehyd-2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazon 5085-07-4 C17H16N8O8
    Glutardialdehyd-2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazon
    —— 2-[(Z)-N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)carbamoylamino]-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid 109293-97-2 C15H12F2N4O3
    2-[(Z)-N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)carbamoylamino]-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
    —— Cy5-NHS ester 1032678-42-4 C36H42N3O4*Cl
    Cy5-NHS ester
    —— [(Z)-3-methylsulfinylbutan-2-ylideneamino] N-methylcarbamate 34681-24-8 C7H14N2O3S
    [(Z)-3-methylsulfinylbutan-2-ylideneamino] N-methylcarbamate
    —— Hydramethylnon 67485-29-4 C25H24F6N4
    Hydramethylnon
    —— thionine 26754-93-8 C12H9N3S*H
    thionine
    —— britanin 33627-28-0 C19H26O7
    britanin
    —— N-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-2-amine 1300028-93-6 C24H17NS
    N-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-2-amine
    —— N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-3-yl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine 1246021-35-1 C30H27N
    N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-3-yl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine
    —— (+)-(S)-benzoin E-oxime 441-38-3 C14H13NO2
    (+)-(S)-benzoin E-oxime
    —— methyl 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-ylacetate 1021869-29-3 C5H7N3O2
    methyl 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-ylacetate
    —— N'-(1,3-Dimethylbutylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazide 214417-91-1 C17H20N2O2
    N'-(1,3-Dimethylbutylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazide
    —— 2-Propenoic acid, 2-cyano-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, propyl ester 93966-57-5 C14H15NO3
    2-Propenoic acid, 2-cyano-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, propyl ester
    —— 5-exo-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 822-96-8 C8H12
    5-exo-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene
    —— 2-endo-Methyl-bicyclo<2.2.1>hepten-(5) 822-96-8 C8H12
    2-endo-Methyl-bicyclo<2.2.1>hepten-(5)
    —— (1S,4S,5R)-5-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 822-96-8 C8H12
    (1S,4S,5R)-5-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene
    —— (E)-acetyloxymethylimino-methyl-oxidoazanium 592-62-1 C4H8N2O3
    (E)-acetyloxymethylimino-methyl-oxidoazanium
    —— 8-Chlor-naphthalinsulfonsaeure 5439-85-0 C10H6ClO3S*Na
    8-Chlor-naphthalinsulfonsaeure
    —— ornithine ethyl ester dihydrochloride 84772-29-2 C7H16N2O2*2ClH
    ornithine ethyl ester dihydrochloride
    —— methyl (R)-2-amino-3-(7-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)propanoate 890044-58-3 C12H15N3O2
    methyl (R)-2-amino-3-(7-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)propanoate
    —— ((R)-1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester 1350712-35-4 C12H23NO3
    ((R)-1-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester
    —— Methyl 3-trimethylsiloxy-2-butenoate 62269-44-7 C8H16O3Si
    Methyl 3-trimethylsiloxy-2-butenoate
    —— Diflufenzopyr 1957168-02-3 C15H12F2N4O3
    Diflufenzopyr
    —— 3-Hexenyl 2-methylbutanoate 10094-41-4 C11H20O2
    3-Hexenyl 2-methylbutanoate
    —— N-(5-Nitrofurfurylidenamino)oxamide 3270-71-1 C7H6N4O5
    N-(5-Nitrofurfurylidenamino)oxamide
    —— Selenourea 630-10-4 CH3N2Se
    Selenourea
    —— Selenourea, N,N-diethyl- 5117-17-9 C5H11N2Se
    Selenourea, N,N-diethyl-
    —— N-[(Z)-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)methylideneamino]-N-methylaniline 75232-44-9 C22H21N3
    N-[(Z)-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)methylideneamino]-N-methylaniline
    —— Phosphonic acid, dipropyl ester 1809-21-8 C6H14O3P+
    Phosphonic acid, dipropyl ester