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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— Ethane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-, mixt. with difluoromethane 133023-17-3 C3H3F7
    Ethane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-, mixt. with difluoromethane
    —— 5-Isatin sulfonic acid, sodium salt 80789-74-8 C8H5NNaO5S+
    5-Isatin sulfonic acid, sodium salt
    —— 3-Nitrobenzylammonium hydrochloride 26177-43-5 C7H10ClN2O2+
    3-Nitrobenzylammonium hydrochloride
    —— Potassium benzene-1,2-disulfonate hydrate 5710-54-3 C6H6K2O7S2
    Potassium benzene-1,2-disulfonate hydrate
    —— 2-Fluoro-3-ethoxypyridine-5-boronic acid 2121513-14-0 C7H9BFNO3
    2-Fluoro-3-ethoxypyridine-5-boronic acid
    —— Ergocornine phosphate 55852-83-0 C31H42N5O9P
    Ergocornine phosphate
    —— (NE)-N-[(1S)-1,7,7-trimethyl-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanylidene]hydroxylamine 2792-42-9 C10H17NO
    (NE)-N-[(1S)-1,7,7-trimethyl-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanylidene]hydroxylamine
    —— 4-Bromo-2-isopropylphenylboronic acid 1451390-88-7 C9H12BBrO2
    4-Bromo-2-isopropylphenylboronic acid
    —— 4-Methyl-4'-[(3E)-pent-3-en-1-yl]-1,1'-biphenyl 478385-88-5 C18H20
    4-Methyl-4'-[(3E)-pent-3-en-1-yl]-1,1'-biphenyl
    —— Boronic acid, B-[2-formyl-6-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl]- 420800-55-1 C14H13BO4
    Boronic acid, B-[2-formyl-6-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl]-
    —— 2-(3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoinden-8-yloxy)ethyl prop-2-enoate 65983-31-5 C15H20O3
    2-(3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoinden-8-yloxy)ethyl prop-2-enoate
    —— Tris-(m-dimethylaminophenyl)-phosphin 61564-33-8 C24H30N3P
    Tris-(m-dimethylaminophenyl)-phosphin
    —— cetyl(3-allyl)dimethylammonium chloride 51706-18-4 C21H44N*Cl
    cetyl(3-allyl)dimethylammonium chloride
    —— Ethanaminium,N,N-triethyl-, tetrahydroborate(1-) 17083-85-1 C8H20BN+
    Ethanaminium,N,N-triethyl-, tetrahydroborate(1-)
    —— Platinum(4+);triphenylphosphane;tetrachloride 10199-34-5 C36H30Cl4P2Pt
    Platinum(4+);triphenylphosphane;tetrachloride
    —— 2-[4-(Hexadecyloxy)phenyl]-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4-diol 90929-38-7 C34H52O4
    2-[4-(Hexadecyloxy)phenyl]-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4-diol
    —— Benzenesulfonic acid,4-dinitro-, sodium salt 885-62-1 C6H4N2NaO7S+
    Benzenesulfonic acid,4-dinitro-, sodium salt
    —— 3-Pyridinesulfonic acid, sodium salt 15521-77-4 C5H5NNaO3S+
    3-Pyridinesulfonic acid, sodium salt
    —— 3-amino-4-methylpent-2-enenitrile 52731-60-9 C6H10N2
    3-amino-4-methylpent-2-enenitrile
    —— (2E)-3-cyclopentylacrylonitrile 1236033-37-6 C8H11N
    (2E)-3-cyclopentylacrylonitrile
    —— 3-cyclopentylacrylonitrile 591769-05-0 C8H11N
    3-cyclopentylacrylonitrile
    —— tridec-2<i>c</i>-enenitrile 22629-49-8 C13H23N
    tridec-2<i>c</i>-enenitrile
    —— Tetrahexylammonium hydrogen sulphate 32503-34-7 C24H52NO4S-
    Tetrahexylammonium hydrogen sulphate
    —— Phthalocyanatodichlorosilane 19333-10-9 C32H16Cl2N8Si
    Phthalocyanatodichlorosilane
    —— Borate(1-), tetrafluoro-, magnesium (2:1) 14708-13-5 B2F8Mg
    Borate(1-), tetrafluoro-, magnesium (2:1)
    —— Nonanoate;tris(2-hydroxyethyl)azanium 10246-68-1 C15H33NO5
    Nonanoate;tris(2-hydroxyethyl)azanium
    —— Gallium selenide (Ga2Se3) 58127-88-1 Ga2Se3
    Gallium selenide (Ga2Se3)
    —— Bisoxireno(1,10a:3,4)phenanthro(3,2-b)furan-9-ol, 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7a,9,11a,11b,11c-dodecahydro-4,4,8,11c-tetramethyl- 116360-82-8 C20H28O4
    Bisoxireno(1,10a:3,4)phenanthro(3,2-b)furan-9-ol, 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7a,9,11a,11b,11c-dodecahydro-4,4,8,11c-tetramethyl-
    —— Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl S-(2-((1-methyl-2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl)sulfonyl)ethyl) ester 70898-34-9 C8H18NO6PS2
    Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl S-(2-((1-methyl-2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl)sulfonyl)ethyl) ester
    —— Benzenediazonium, 2-methoxy-4-nitro-, 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate (2:1) 61925-55-1 C24H18N6O12S2
    Benzenediazonium, 2-methoxy-4-nitro-, 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate (2:1)
    —— Tri-(p-isopropylphenyl)phosphin 29949-82-4 C27H33P
    Tri-(p-isopropylphenyl)phosphin
    —— Pyrophaeophorbide-a-monomethyl ester 6453-67-4 C34H36N4O3
    Pyrophaeophorbide-a-monomethyl ester
    —— Tetradecyl-diethyl-phosphinoxid 4445-67-4 C18H39OP
    Tetradecyl-diethyl-phosphinoxid
    —— Iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate 77214-82-5 C21H21FeO9S3
    Iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate
    —— galvinoxyl 2370-18-5 C29H41O2
    galvinoxyl
    —— 4-[2-(2-Methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethoxycarbonyl]benzoic acid 27697-00-3 C14H14O6
    4-[2-(2-Methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethoxycarbonyl]benzoic acid
    —— 2-Propenoic acid, 2-phosphonoxy-, tricyclohexylammonium salt 35556-70-8 C15H28NO18P3
    2-Propenoic acid, 2-phosphonoxy-, tricyclohexylammonium salt
    —— (3-Formyloxyphenyl)boronic acid 25487-66-5 C7H7BO4
    (3-Formyloxyphenyl)boronic acid
    —— 1,3,6,9,12,15,18,21-Octaoxacyclotetracosane 33089-37-1 C16H32O8
    1,3,6,9,12,15,18,21-Octaoxacyclotetracosane
    —— Coproporphyrin III tetramethyl ester 5522-63-4 C40H46N4O8
    Coproporphyrin III tetramethyl ester
    —— 1,4-Piperazinediethanesulfonic acid, dipotassium salt 108321-27-3 C8H16K2N2O6S2
    1,4-Piperazinediethanesulfonic acid, dipotassium salt
    —— 2-Hydroxyimino-1-phenylbutane-1,3-dione 6797-44-0 C10H9NO3
    2-Hydroxyimino-1-phenylbutane-1,3-dione
    —— 4-[(3-Carboxy-4-oxonaphthalen-1-ylidene)-phenylmethyl]-1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid 5715-76-4 C29H18O6
    4-[(3-Carboxy-4-oxonaphthalen-1-ylidene)-phenylmethyl]-1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid
    —— Einecs 229-040-9 6407-75-6 C16H12Cl2N4O
    Einecs 229-040-9
    —— [4-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoyl)phenyl] 6-(diazenyldiazenyl)-5-oxo-8H-naphthalene-1-sulfonate 68510-93-0 C23H16N4O8S
    [4-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoyl)phenyl] 6-(diazenyldiazenyl)-5-oxo-8H-naphthalene-1-sulfonate
    —— Disodium 2-sulphonatopalmitate 5896-55-9 C16H30Na2O5S
    Disodium 2-sulphonatopalmitate
    —— Ammonium perfluorohexane-1-sulfonate 68259-08-5 C6H4F13NO3S
    Ammonium perfluorohexane-1-sulfonate
    —— 2-Octan-2-yloxycarbonylbenzoic acid; 2-(2-phenoxyethoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid 69043-96-5 C32H36O9
    2-Octan-2-yloxycarbonylbenzoic acid; 2-(2-phenoxyethoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid
    —— 1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-YL 3-methylbutanoate 59672-05-8 C15H26O2
    1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-YL 3-methylbutanoate
    —— Disodium 3,3'-(2-butyne-1,4-diylbis(oxy))bis(2-hydroxypropanesulphonate) 67874-62-8 C10H16Na2O10S2
    Disodium 3,3'-(2-butyne-1,4-diylbis(oxy))bis(2-hydroxypropanesulphonate)