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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— lithocholic acid methyl ester 1249-75-8 C25H42O3
    lithocholic acid methyl ester
    —— Cholesteryl-oleyl-carbonat 17110-51-9 C46H80O3
    Cholesteryl-oleyl-carbonat
    —— Carbonic acid 17-(1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl ester (E)-octadec-9-enyl ester 17110-51-9 C46H80O3
    Carbonic acid 17-(1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl ester (E)-octadec-9-enyl ester
    —— ([1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[di(propan-2-yl)phosphane] 150086-11-6 C24H36P2
    ([1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[di(propan-2-yl)phosphane]
    —— 4-(4-NITROPHENYLAZO)-1-NAPHTHOL 5290-62-0 C16H11N3O3
    4-(4-NITROPHENYLAZO)-1-NAPHTHOL
    —— 3-tert-butyldioxycarbonylacrylic acid 1931-62-0 C8H12O5
    3-tert-butyldioxycarbonylacrylic acid
    —— (R)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl methanesulfonate 137211-70-2 C6H12O4S
    (R)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl methanesulfonate
    —— Dinaphthalen-1-yl(phenyl)phosphane sulfide 3135-68-0 C26H19PS
    Dinaphthalen-1-yl(phenyl)phosphane sulfide
    —— LTB<sub>3</sub> 88099-35-8 C20H34O4
    LTB<sub>3</sub>
    —— 7beta-Methyltestosterone propionate 40475-13-6 C23H34O3
    7beta-Methyltestosterone propionate
    —— sodium 3-pyridinesulfonate 15521-77-4 C5H4NO3S*Na
    sodium 3-pyridinesulfonate
    —— tert-butyl 5-cyano-3-fluorobenzoate 1427753-71-6 C12H12FNO2
    tert-butyl 5-cyano-3-fluorobenzoate
    —— triphenylmethanium 519-73-3 C19H16
    triphenylmethanium
    —— (E)-5-bromothiophene-2-carbaldehyde oxime 943324-47-8 C5H4BrNOS
    (E)-5-bromothiophene-2-carbaldehyde oxime
    —— shikonin 23444-65-7 C16H16O5
    shikonin
    —— N-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-N-methylaminoacetic acid 170799-77-6 C12H15NO4
    N-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-N-methylaminoacetic acid
    —— P(m-tolyl)3 35123-59-2 C21H21P
    P(m-tolyl)3
    —— Tropin-isobuttersaeureester 495-80-7 C12H21NO2
    Tropin-isobuttersaeureester
    —— 2,6-bis[phenylmethylidene]cyclohexanone 251909-29-2 C20H18O
    2,6-bis[phenylmethylidene]cyclohexanone
    —— 1-<(Benzotriazol-1-yl)ethoxymethyl>naphthalene 172265-12-2 C19H17N3O
    1-<(Benzotriazol-1-yl)ethoxymethyl>naphthalene
    —— methyl 6-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzoate 1378431-14-1 C9H7Br2FO2
    methyl 6-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzoate
    —— 4-bromo-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 886372-03-8 C8H8BrNO2
    4-bromo-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
    —— (p-phenylbenzyl)diphenylphosphine 80359-59-7 C25H21P
    (p-phenylbenzyl)diphenylphosphine
    —— Laevulinsaeure-semicarbazon 89532-09-2 C6H11N3O3
    Laevulinsaeure-semicarbazon
    —— 2,7-dibromo-1-bromomethylnaphthalene 218605-55-1 C11H7Br3
    2,7-dibromo-1-bromomethylnaphthalene
    —— tris(phenylethynyl)phosphine oxide 31398-96-6 C24H15OP
    tris(phenylethynyl)phosphine oxide
    —— 1-[Bis(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phosphoryl]-3,3-dimethylbut-1-yne 22752-38-1 C18H27OP
    1-[Bis(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)phosphoryl]-3,3-dimethylbut-1-yne
    —— tert-butyldi(tert-butylethynyl)phosphine 57767-15-4 C16H27P
    tert-butyldi(tert-butylethynyl)phosphine
    —— 2-Diphenylthiophosphinylanisole 60254-11-7 C19H17OPS
    2-Diphenylthiophosphinylanisole
    —— euphornin 80454-47-3 C33H44O9
    euphornin
    —— 1,8-dipropargyloxyoctane 126422-56-8 C14H22O2
    1,8-dipropargyloxyoctane
    —— (Z)-ethyl N-mesitylsulfonyloxyacetimidate 38202-27-6 C13H19NO4S
    (Z)-ethyl N-mesitylsulfonyloxyacetimidate
    —— benzil hydrazone 5344-88-7 C14H12N2O
    benzil hydrazone
    —— 2,3-diphenyloxirane 1439-07-2 C14H12O
    2,3-diphenyloxirane
    —— Dimethyl 2,2-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxathiolane-4,5-dicarboxylate 117470-90-3 C6H8O8S
    Dimethyl 2,2-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxathiolane-4,5-dicarboxylate
    —— Sodium 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulphonate 6289-81-2 C10H12O4S
    Sodium 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulphonate
    —— 1-hydroxy-2H-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine 5424-06-6 C7H8N4O
    1-hydroxy-2H-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-amine
    —— Sodium 5-((2,4-dimethylphenyl)azo)-6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulphonate 6300-33-0 C18H16N2O4S
    Sodium 5-((2,4-dimethylphenyl)azo)-6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulphonate
    —— Methyl 3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-6-nitrobenzothiazolium sulphate 2458-05-1 C10H13N2O6S3+
    Methyl 3-methyl-2-(methylthio)-6-nitrobenzothiazolium sulphate
    —— (4-fluorotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate 1544739-64-1 C13H17FO4S
    (4-fluorotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate
    —— 4-[[4-(Ethylamino)-3-methylphenyl]-(4-ethylimino-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-6-hydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid 4463-44-9 C25H28N2O7S2
    4-[[4-(Ethylamino)-3-methylphenyl]-(4-ethylimino-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-6-hydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid
    —— Kansuinine B 57685-46-8 C38H42O14
    Kansuinine B
    —— Granilin 40737-97-1 C15H20O4
    Granilin
    —— Methyl maslinate 1724-16-9 C31H50O4
    Methyl maslinate
    —— Bis ANS 65664-81-5 C32H22N2O6S2*2K
    Bis ANS
    —— Bis(4-(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl)sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate) 74227-35-3 C36H28F12P2S3
    Bis(4-(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl)sulfide bis(hexafluorophosphate)
    —— Dipotassium methanedisulfonate 6291-65-2 CH2K2O6S2
    Dipotassium methanedisulfonate
    —— Phthalaldehydsaeure-pseudomethylester 4122-57-0 C9H8O3
    Phthalaldehydsaeure-pseudomethylester
    —— p-methyl red sodium salt 845-46-5 C15H14N3O2*Na
    p-methyl red sodium salt
    —— 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl azide 80887-27-0 C22H24N4O5
    2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl azide