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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— dimethyl 2-amino-5-iodoterephthalate 1357367-02-2 C10H10INO4
    dimethyl 2-amino-5-iodoterephthalate
    —— 1-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-thiosemicarbazide 13207-55-1 C7H7Cl2N3S
    1-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-thiosemicarbazide
    —— Zn(5,9,14,18,23,27,32,36-octabutoxynaphthalocyanine(2-)) 189203-78-9 C80H88N8O8Zn
    Zn(5,9,14,18,23,27,32,36-octabutoxynaphthalocyanine(2-))
    —— endo-8-Boc-3-hydroxy-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 143557-91-9 C12H21NO3
    endo-8-Boc-3-hydroxy-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane
    —— 3,3'-(3,7,12,17-tetramethyl-8,13-divinyl-21<i>H</i>,23<i>H</i>-porphine-2,18-diyl)-bis-propionic acid dimethyl ester 5522-66-7 C36H38N4O4
    3,3'-(3,7,12,17-tetramethyl-8,13-divinyl-21<i>H</i>,23<i>H</i>-porphine-2,18-diyl)-bis-propionic acid dimethyl ester
    —— 1,2-Bis[(2S,5S)-2,5-diphenylphospholano]ethane(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate 849950-53-4 C42H48BF4P2Rh-
    1,2-Bis[(2S,5S)-2,5-diphenylphospholano]ethane(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate
    —— 4-bromo-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene 108722-46-9 C12H13Br
    4-bromo-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene
    —— Dspe-mpeg(550) 147867-65-0 C45H88NO11P
    Dspe-mpeg(550)
    —— (R,S<sub>P</sub>)-Josiphos-8 649559-65-9 C36H36FeO2P2
    (R,S<sub>P</sub>)-Josiphos-8
    —— cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride 61367-16-6 C8H15NO2*ClH
    cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride
    —— 1,6-diphenylhexatriene 1720-32-7 C18H16
    1,6-diphenylhexatriene
    —— Bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-ene-9-methanol, (1α,8α,9α)- 1312010-01-7 C10H16O
    Bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-ene-9-methanol, (1α,8α,9α)-
    —— ethyl (1S,4Z,8R)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-ene-9-carboxylate 1263291-39-9 C12H18O2
    ethyl (1S,4Z,8R)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-ene-9-carboxylate
    —— (AuCl)2(μ-cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene) 64645-30-3 C26H22Au2Cl2P2
    (AuCl)2(μ-cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene)
    —— methyl (1-adamantyl 5-acetamido-7,8,9-tri-O-acetyl-5-N,4-O-carbonyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-D-glycero-β-D-galacto-non-2-ylopyranosid)onate 956107-32-7 C29H39NO12S
    methyl (1-adamantyl 5-acetamido-7,8,9-tri-O-acetyl-5-N,4-O-carbonyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-D-glycero-β-D-galacto-non-2-ylopyranosid)onate
    —— ETHYL (1R 8S 9R)-BICYCLO[6.1.0]NON-4-ENE 79549-89-6 C12H18O2
    ETHYL (1R 8S 9R)-BICYCLO[6.1.0]NON-4-ENE
    —— ethyl 2-(4-acetylphenyl)-2,2-difluoroacetate 1308915-15-2 C12H12F2O3
    ethyl 2-(4-acetylphenyl)-2,2-difluoroacetate
    —— 5-phenylpentadienoic acid 1552-94-9 C11H10O2
    5-phenylpentadienoic acid
    —— methyl 4-[(2R)-3-[(1E,3E,5E,8E)-tetradeca-1,3,5,8-tetraenyl]oxiran-2-yl]butanoate 72297-14-4 C21H32O3
    methyl 4-[(2R)-3-[(1E,3E,5E,8E)-tetradeca-1,3,5,8-tetraenyl]oxiran-2-yl]butanoate
    —— methyl 2-(3-oxopropyl)oxazole-4-carboxylate 1365178-59-1 C8H9NO4
    methyl 2-(3-oxopropyl)oxazole-4-carboxylate
    —— methyl 7-[(1R,3R,5S)-5-acetyloxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(oxan-2-yloxy)cyclopentyl]heptanoate 50999-61-6 C21H36O7
    methyl 7-[(1R,3R,5S)-5-acetyloxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(oxan-2-yloxy)cyclopentyl]heptanoate
    —— 2-Acetylthioxanthonoxim 27012-02-8 C15H11NO2S
    2-Acetylthioxanthonoxim
    —— dimethyl 2,5-dimercaptoterephthalate 1301620-09-6 C10H10O4S2
    dimethyl 2,5-dimercaptoterephthalate
    —— O-ethyl-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester 92507-32-9 C17H25NO5
    O-ethyl-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester
    —— Diphenyl(4-phenylthiophen-2-yl)sulfanium trifluoromethanesulfonate 111281-12-0 C23H17F3O3S3
    Diphenyl(4-phenylthiophen-2-yl)sulfanium trifluoromethanesulfonate
    —— 2-(2-ditert-butylphosphanylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylaniline;methanesulfonate;palladium(2+);2-phenylaniline 1445085-92-6 C13H13NO3PdS*C22H32NP
    2-(2-ditert-butylphosphanylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylaniline;methanesulfonate;palladium(2+);2-phenylaniline
    —— Potassium ethyl cyano(oxidoimino)formate 158014-03-0 C5H5KN2O3
    Potassium ethyl cyano(oxidoimino)formate
    —— cis-2-(Boc-amino)-cyclobutanol 389890-43-1 C9H17NO3
    cis-2-(Boc-amino)-cyclobutanol
    —— dicyclohexylamine borane 131765-96-3 C12H26BN
    dicyclohexylamine borane
    —— NODAGA-NHS 1407166-70-4 C19H28N4O10
    NODAGA-NHS
    —— methyl 2-isocyano-4-(methylthio)butanoate 63472-90-2 C7H11NO2S
    methyl 2-isocyano-4-(methylthio)butanoate
    —— (η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)2niobium(hydride)3 93558-77-1 2C10H15*3H*Nb
    (η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)2niobium(hydride)3
    —— tert-butyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydrooxazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5(4H)-carboxylate 1354910-18-1 C17H20N2O4
    tert-butyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydrooxazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-5(4H)-carboxylate
    —— 5-bromo-4-hexylthien-2-yl-MIDA boronate ester 1416241-98-9 C15H21BBrNO4S
    5-bromo-4-hexylthien-2-yl-MIDA boronate ester
    —— (4S,5S)-1,3-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate 1033618-49-3 BF4*C29H27N2O2
    (4S,5S)-1,3-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate
    —— Methyl 2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)acetate 1239952-57-8 C11H13NO3
    Methyl 2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)acetate
    —— (4S,5S)-1,3-bis(2,2-diphenylethyl)-4,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate 1033618-41-5 BF4*C43H39N2
    (4S,5S)-1,3-bis(2,2-diphenylethyl)-4,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate
    —— Sulfo-kmus 211236-68-9 C19H26N2NaO9S
    Sulfo-kmus
    —— phenoxanthin radical cation 262-20-4 C12H8OS
    phenoxanthin radical cation
    —— 4-{4-[(E)-Phenyldiazenyl]phenoxy}-1-butanethiol 220473-94-9 C16H18N2OS
    4-{4-[(E)-Phenyldiazenyl]phenoxy}-1-butanethiol
    —— (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl allyl (6-((4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)amino)-6-oxohexane-1,5-diyl)-(S)-dicarbamate 573698-75-6 C32H35N3O6
    (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl allyl (6-((4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)amino)-6-oxohexane-1,5-diyl)-(S)-dicarbamate
    —— 3-allyl-4'-allyloxybiphenyl-4-ol 105968-90-9 C18H18O2
    3-allyl-4'-allyloxybiphenyl-4-ol
    —— 4-oxy-t-azobenzene cation radical 1689-82-3 C12H10N2O
    4-oxy-t-azobenzene cation radical
    —— Pubchem_53485855 157772-65-1 C30H58BF4FeP2Rh-
    Pubchem_53485855
    —— ethyl 2-(3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-methylpentanoyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate 944559-47-1 C17H26N2O5S
    ethyl 2-(3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-methylpentanoyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate
    —— Octapotassium;dioxidoboranylformonitrile 261356-49-4 C4B4K8N4O8
    Octapotassium;dioxidoboranylformonitrile
    —— Methyl ester-SP 76260-78-1 C63H97N17O14S
    Methyl ester-SP
    —— 6,6’-(N,N’-2-octyldodecyl)-pinacoldiboronisoindigo 1563062-80-5 C68H112B2N2O6
    6,6’-(N,N’-2-octyldodecyl)-pinacoldiboronisoindigo
    —— (5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl-4-methylbenzene sulfonate 51693-17-5 C12H15NO4S
    (5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl-4-methylbenzene sulfonate
    —— 3-(Butoxycarbonyl)but-3-enoate 6439-57-2 C9H13O4-
    3-(Butoxycarbonyl)but-3-enoate