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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— sodium 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate 1804-87-1 C6H9O5S*Na
    sodium 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate
    —— Cyclopropyltriphenylphosphoniumbromid 14114-05-7 C21H20BrP
    Cyclopropyltriphenylphosphoniumbromid
    —— (+/-)-4<i>t</i>-methyl-cyclohexane-1<i>r</i>,2<i>t</i>-dicarboxylic acid-anhydride 19438-60-9 C9H12O3
    (+/-)-4<i>t</i>-methyl-cyclohexane-1<i>r</i>,2<i>t</i>-dicarboxylic acid-anhydride
    —— exo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride 5426-09-5 C8H6O4
    exo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride
    —— 2-keto-3-ethoxybutyraldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) 2507-91-7 C8H16N6OS2
    2-keto-3-ethoxybutyraldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone)
    —— [2-(4-pyridyl)benzoxazol-7-yl]carboxylic acid methyl ester 579525-07-8 C14H10N2O3
    [2-(4-pyridyl)benzoxazol-7-yl]carboxylic acid methyl ester
    —— (+/-)-dimethyl trans-2,4-dimethylglutarate 2121-68-8 C9H16O4
    (+/-)-dimethyl trans-2,4-dimethylglutarate
    —— dicyclohexylmethylphosphine oxide 42366-52-9 C13H25OP
    dicyclohexylmethylphosphine oxide
    —— Tris[2-(propan-2-yl)phenyl](sulfanylidene)-lambda~5~-phosphane 918962-33-1 C27H33PS
    Tris[2-(propan-2-yl)phenyl](sulfanylidene)-lambda~5~-phosphane
    —— sodium 1-hydroxynaphthalene-5-sulfonate 5419-77-2 C10H7O4S*Na
    sodium 1-hydroxynaphthalene-5-sulfonate
    —— methyl 2-butyl-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate 102342-62-1 C12H16O4
    methyl 2-butyl-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate
    —— (1r,4r)-4-(2-aminopropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexan-1-amine 54166-24-4 C10H22N2
    (1r,4r)-4-(2-aminopropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexan-1-amine
    —— 4-bromo-1-fluoro-2-<<<(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl>oxy>methyl>benzene 99725-14-1 C13H20BrFOSi
    4-bromo-1-fluoro-2-<<<(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl>oxy>methyl>benzene
    —— (<i>S</i>)-3-methyl-pent-1-en-3-ol 918-85-4 C6H12O
    (<i>S</i>)-3-methyl-pent-1-en-3-ol
    —— anthracen-9-ylmethylene-hydrazine 7512-18-7 C15H12N2
    anthracen-9-ylmethylene-hydrazine
    —— N-(1-phenylethyl)guanidine 532-57-0 C9H13N3
    N-(1-phenylethyl)guanidine
    —— 1-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-1-bromoethane 33884-43-4 C6H11BrO2
    1-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-1-bromoethane
    —— N<sup>α</sup>-benzoyl-L-citrulline methyl ester 14325-36-1 C14H19N3O4
    N<sup>α</sup>-benzoyl-L-citrulline methyl ester
    —— isoambrettolide 63286-42-0 C16H28O2
    isoambrettolide
    —— (E)-1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene 68578-78-9 C28H24O2
    (E)-1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene
    —— 1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt 5182-30-9 C10H5O9S3*3Na
    1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt
    —— N,N-dimethyl-4-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]morpholine-2-carboxamide 1416776-22-1 C19H29BN2O4
    N,N-dimethyl-4-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]morpholine-2-carboxamide
    —— endo-5-Phenylbicyclo<2.2.1>hepten-(2) 6143-30-2 C13H14
    endo-5-Phenylbicyclo<2.2.1>hepten-(2)
    —— exo-5-Phenyl-norbornen 6143-30-2 C13H14
    exo-5-Phenyl-norbornen
    —— anthraquinone-1-sulphonic acid sodium salt 128-56-3 C14H7O5S*Na
    anthraquinone-1-sulphonic acid sodium salt
    —— (R)-1-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-(octadecyloxy)propan-2-ol 866784-45-4 C27H58O3Si
    (R)-1-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-(octadecyloxy)propan-2-ol
    —— ent-kaurene 562-28-7 C20H32
    ent-kaurene
    —— tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phosphane 50341-15-6 C24H27P
    tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phosphane
    —— 2-Hydroxy-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide 3232-36-8 C14H12N2O3
    2-Hydroxy-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide
    —— 4-(Methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid 6936-48-7 C5H7NO3
    4-(Methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid
    —— (E)-2-hydrazono-3-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazole 1128-67-2 C8H9N3S
    (E)-2-hydrazono-3-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazole
    —— octylhydroxamic acid sodium 50292-00-7 C8H16NO2*Na
    octylhydroxamic acid sodium
    —— methyl 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate 894796-87-3 C9H8F3NO2
    methyl 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoate
    —— (S)-methyl 4-(1-hydroxybutyl)benzoate 1421349-08-7 C12H16O3
    (S)-methyl 4-(1-hydroxybutyl)benzoate
    —— (1R)-2-methylcyclohexan-1-ol 583-59-5 C7H14O
    (1R)-2-methylcyclohexan-1-ol
    —— sodium 3-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonate 5138-91-0 C7H6ClO3S*Na
    sodium 3-chloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonate
    —— 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzenedicarcoxylic acid, dimethyl ester 1861-32-1 C10H6Cl4O4
    2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzenedicarcoxylic acid, dimethyl ester
    —— sodium 4-ethylbenzenesulfonate 14995-38-1 C8H9O3S*Na
    sodium 4-ethylbenzenesulfonate
    —— methyl 3-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)benzoate 862389-45-5 C11H10N2O2S
    methyl 3-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)benzoate
    —— methyl 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate 175204-89-4 C9H7F3O4
    methyl 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate
    —— 3-(bromomethyl)heptane 18908-66-2 C8H17Br
    3-(bromomethyl)heptane
    —— Sodium phenylbutyrate 61886-29-1 C10H17O2*Na
    Sodium phenylbutyrate
    —— methyl 4-acryloyl-benzoate 187401-48-5 C11H10O3
    methyl 4-acryloyl-benzoate
    —— 5-bromo-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid anilide 55854-43-8 C10H8BrNO2S2
    5-bromo-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid anilide
    —— methyl 2-(5-chloro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)acetate 1419172-25-0 C15H20BClO4
    methyl 2-(5-chloro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)acetate
    —— Dithizone 60-10-6 C13H12N4S
    Dithizone
    —— 2,2'-bis(diphenyloxyphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl 86632-33-9 C44H32O2P2
    2,2'-bis(diphenyloxyphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl
    —— (S)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl)chroman-6-ol 1721-51-3 C29H44O2
    (S)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-((3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl)chroman-6-ol
    —— 4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-ynoic acid 922-67-8 C5H4O4
    4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-ynoic acid
    —— 3-bromo-2-formylphenylboronic acid 928048-12-8 C7H6BBrO3
    3-bromo-2-formylphenylboronic acid