从公元初到19世纪中叶,主要利用天然有机物(如动植物的提取液)进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代,开始有了人工合成的有机试剂,例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼;桑色素用于检测铝;重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根;α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴;丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后,在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论,人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团,进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作,合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂(如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等)。在50年代以前,络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初,以络合滴定法为主,自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析,并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时,有机试剂的结构理论研究(如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响)促进了新型有机试剂的开发,例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期,吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来,中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。
有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域,主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求,有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理,液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯,固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏;而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂,则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。
蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法,常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分,辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1S-内)-3-甲基-丁酸1,7,7-三甲基双环[2.2.1]庚-2-基酯 | Bornyl isovalerate | 85699-69-0 | C15H26O2 |
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(1S,5R)-1-苯基-3-氧杂双环[3.1.0]己烷-2-酮 | O,O-diethyl (fluoromethyl)phosphonate | 96857-55-5 | C5H12FO3P |
|
(1S,4S)-5-(苯甲基)-2,5-二氮杂双环[2.2.1]庚烷-2-甲酸叔丁酯 | (1S,4S)-5-Benzyl-2-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2,5-diazabicyclo<2.2.1>heptane | 132666-68-3 | C17H24N2O2 |
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(1S,4R)-顺式-4-乙酰氧基-2-环戊烯-1-醇 | (1R,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-yl acetate | 60410-16-4 | C7H10O3 |
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(1S,3s)-n-boc-1-氨基环戊烷-3-羧酸甲酯 | (1S,3S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)cyclopentane-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester | 329910-39-6 | C12H21NO4 |
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(1S,3R)-3-氨基环戊烷甲酸甲酯盐酸盐 | (1S,3R)-3-amino-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride | 180323-49-3 | C7H13NO2*ClH |
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(1S,2S)-反式-1,2-环戊烷二胺二盐酸盐 | (1S,2S)-trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediamine dihydrochloride | 477873-22-6 | C5H14Cl2N2 |
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(1S,2S)-1,2-环己烷二甲酸 | trans-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid | 21963-41-7 | C8H12O4 |
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(1S,2S)-1,2-二苯基乙二胺 | (S,S)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-diaminoethane | 16635-95-3 | C14H16N2 |
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(1S,2S)-(-)-N,N′-二对甲苯磺酰基-1,2-环己二胺 | (S,S)-N,N'-bis(p-tolylsulfonyl)-trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine | 212555-28-7 | C20H26N2O4S2 |
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(1S,2S)-(-)-1,2-环己二胺 D-酒石酸盐 | (1S,2S)-(-)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane D-tartrate | 67333-70-4 | C4H6O6*C6H14N2 |
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(1S,2S)-(+)-N-对甲苯磺酰基-1,2-二苯基乙二胺 | N-[(1S,2S)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethyl]-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide | 167316-27-0 | C21H22N2O2S |
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(1S,2S)-(+)-N,N'-二甲基环己烷-1,2-二胺 | (1S,2S)-N,N'-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane | 87583-89-9 | C8H18N2 |
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(1S,2S)-(+)-1,2-环己二胺 | (S,S)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane | 21436-03-3 | C6H14N2 |
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(1S)-1-[双(叔丁基)膦]-2-[(1S)-1-[双(2-甲基苯基)膦]乙基]二茂铁 | [2-[(1S)-1-bis(2-methylphenyl)phosphanylethyl]cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-ditert-butylphosphane;cyclopenta-1,3-diene;iron(2+) | 849924-77-2 | C34H44FeP2 |
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(1S)-1-[双(1,1-二甲基乙基)膦]-2-[(1S)-1-(二苯基膦)乙基]二茂铁(符合CAS标准) | Iron(2+) cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ide 2-(di-tert-butylphosphanyl)-1-[(1S)-1-(diphenylphosphanyl)ethyl]cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ide (1/1/1) | 223121-01-5 | C32H40FeP2 |
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(1S)-(-)-樟脑烷酸 | (-)-camphanic acid | 13429-83-9 | C10H14O4 |
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(1R,4R,5R)-REL-(+)-4-[4-(1,1-二甲基庚基)-2,6-二甲氧基苯基]-6,6-二甲基双环[3.1.1]庚-2-烯-2-甲醇 | (+)-{(1S,4S,5S)-4-[4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl]-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]-hept-2-en-2-yl}methanol | 256934-39-1 | C27H42O3 |
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(1R,4R)-2,5-二氮杂双环[2.2.1]庚烷-2-羧酸叔丁基酯 | tert-butyl (1R,4R)-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate | 134003-84-2 | C10H18N2O2 |
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(1R,3s,5S)-叔丁基3-羟基-8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-8-羧酸 | tert-butyl (1R,5S)-3-hydroxy-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate | 194222-05-4 | C12H21NO3 |
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(1R,3r,4s)-4-((叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)氧基)-3-(((叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)氧基)甲基)-2-亚甲基环戊醇 | (1R,3R,4S)-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl]-2-methylenecyclopentanol | 701278-56-0 | C19H40O3Si2 |
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(1R,3S)-3-氨基-1-(boc-氨基)环己烷 | tert-butyl ((1R,3S)-3-aminocyclohexyl)carbamate | 1259278-17-5 | C11H22N2O2 |
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(1R,3S)-1-(1-(叔丁氧基羰基)-5-氯-1H-吲哚-3-基)-6,7-二羟基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉-3-羧酸甲酯 | 1-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester | 1395347-28-0 | C24H25ClN2O6 |
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(1R,3R)-3-{{[(叔丁氧基)羰基]氨基}环戊烷-1-羧酸甲酯 | (1R,3R)-3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid methyl ester | 489446-72-2 | C12H21NO4 |
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(1R,2S,4R)-双环[2.2.1]-5-庚烯-2-羧酸 | (1S,2S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid | 120-74-1 | C8H10O2 |
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(1R,2S)-REL-1-[[(1,1-二甲基乙氧基)羰基]氨基]-2-乙烯基-环丙羧酸乙酯 | N-Boc-(1R,2S)-1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropane carboxylic acid ethyl ester | 259217-95-3 | C13H21NO4 |
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(1R,2S)-2-氟环丙胺 | (1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropanamine | 143062-83-3 | C3H6FN |
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(1R,2S)-1-氨基-2-乙烯基环丙烷甲酸甲酯盐酸盐 | (1R,2S)-1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid methyl ester hydrochloride | 259214-58-9 | C7H11NO2*ClH |
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(1R,2S)-1-氨基-2-乙烯基-环丙烷羧酸乙酯 4-甲基苯磺酸盐 | (1R,2S)-1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester tosylate salt | 1159609-95-6 | C7H8O3S*C8H13NO2 |
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(1R,2R)-反式-2-氨基环戊醇 盐酸盐 | (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentan-1-ol hydrochloride | 68327-11-7 | C5H11NO*ClH |
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(1R,2R)-反式-1,2-环戊烷二胺二盐酸盐 | trans-Cyclopentane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride | 1030390-38-5 | C5H14Cl2N2 |
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(1R,2R)-N,N'-二羟基-N,N'-双(二苯基乙酰基)环己烷-1,2-二胺 | (R,R)-N-[2-(diphenylacetylhydroxyamino)cyclohexyl]-N-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetamide | 860036-16-4 | C34H34N2O4 |
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(1R,2R)-2-氨基甲基-环己烷甲酸叔丁酯 | (1R,2R)-2-Aminomethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid tert-butyl ester | 1374406-88-8 | C12H23NO2 |
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(1R,2R)-2-(4-溴苯甲酰基)-环戊烷羧酸甲酯 | methyl (1R,2R)-2-(4-bromobenzoyl)cyclopentanecarboxylate | 791594-14-4 | C14H15BrO3 |
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(1R,2R)-(-)-N-(对甲基苯磺酰基)-1,2-二苯基乙二胺 | (R,R)-N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine | 144222-34-4 | C21H22N2O2S |
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(1R,2R)-(-)-N,N'-二甲基-1,2-环己二胺 | (R,R)-1,2-bis(N-methylamino)cyclohexane | 68737-65-5 | C8H18N2 |
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(1R,2R)-(+)-1,2-环己二胺 L-酒石酸盐 | (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane tartrate | 39961-95-0 | C4H6O6*C6H14N2 |
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(1R)-樟脑肟 | (R,R)-camphor oxime | 2792-42-9 | C10H17NO |
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(1R)-(-)-10-樟脑磺酸 铵盐 | Ammonium (1R)-(7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo(2.2.1)hept-1-yl)methanesulphonate | 82509-30-6 | C10H19NO4S |
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(1R)-(+)-莰烷酸 | (+)-camphanic acid | 67111-66-4 | C10H14O4 |
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(1H-吡唑-3-基)乙酸乙酯 | ethyl 2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)acetate | 82668-50-6 | C7H10N2O2 |
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(12E)-氧杂环十六碳-12-烯-2-酮 | habanolide | 111879-80-2 | C15H26O2 |
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(11bS)-4-羟基-2,6-二[2,4,6-三(异丙基)苯基]-二萘并[2,1-d:1',2'-f][1,3,2]二氧杂磷杂卓4-氧化物 | (R)-3,3'-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)binol phosphoric acid | 791616-63-2 | C50H57O4P |
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(11bR)-2,6-二-9-菲基-4-羟基-二萘并[2,1-d:1',2'-f][1,3,2]二噁磷杂庚英-4-氧化物 | (11bR)-2,6-di-9-phenanthrenyl-4-hydroxy-dinaphtho[2,1-d:1′,2′-f ][1,3,2]-dioxaphosphepin-4-oxide | 864943-22-6 | C48H29O4P |
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(11R,12R)-9,10-二氢-9,10-乙撑蒽-11,12-二胺 | (R,R)-11,12-diamino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene | 181139-49-1 | C16H16N2 |
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(11E)-11-十八碳烯-9-炔酸乙酯 | octadec-11<i>t</i>-en-9-ynoic acid ethyl ester | 159534-89-1 | C20H34O2 |
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(11AR)-(+)-10,11,12,13-四氢茚并[7,1-DE:1',7'-FG][1,3,2]二氧磷-5-双[-1-苯乙基]胺 | (S)-Siphos-PE | 500997-70-6 | C33H32NO2P |
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(10E,12Z)-9-氢过氧基十八碳-10,12-二烯酸 | 9-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid | 5502-91-0 | C18H32O4 |
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(10-苯基-9-蒽基)硼酸频哪醇酯 | 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(10-phenylanthracen-9-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 460347-59-5 | C26H25BO2 |
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(1-萘甲基)三苯基氯化磷 | 1-naphthylmethyltriphenylphosphonium chloride | 23277-00-1 | C29H24P*Cl |
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