从公元初到19世纪中叶,主要利用天然有机物(如动植物的提取液)进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代,开始有了人工合成的有机试剂,例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼;桑色素用于检测铝;重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根;α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴;丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后,在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论,人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团,进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作,合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂(如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等)。在50年代以前,络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初,以络合滴定法为主,自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析,并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时,有机试剂的结构理论研究(如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响)促进了新型有机试剂的开发,例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期,吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来,中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。
有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域,主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求,有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理,液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯,固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏;而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂,则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。
蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法,常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分,辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
---|---|---|---|---|
2-(2-溴-乙基)-萘 | 2-(2-bromoethyl)naphthalene | 2086-62-6 | C12H11Br |
|
2-(2-溴-5-甲氧基苯基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二噁硼烷 | pinacol 2-bromo-5-methoxyphenylboronate | 1256781-58-4 | C13H18BBrO3 |
|
2-(2-氰基苯胺基)乙酸 | N-2-cyanophenylglycine | 64377-71-5 | C9H8N2O2 |
|
2-(2-氰基苯氧基)乙酸乙酯 | ethyl 2-(2-cyanophenoxy)acetate | 39786-34-0 | C11H11NO3 |
|
2-(2-氯苯氧基)丙酸 | (S)-2-(2-chlorophenoxy) propanoic acid | 25140-86-7 | C9H9ClO3 |
|
2-(2-氯苯氧基)丙酸 | 2-(2-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid | 25140-86-7 | C9H9ClO3 |
|
2-(2-氯乙氧基)乙酰胺 | 2-Chlorethoxyacetamid | 36961-64-5 | C4H8ClNO2 |
|
2-(2-氯乙氧基)乙酰氯 | 2-(2-chloroethoxy)acetyl chloride | 39229-33-9 | C4H6Cl2O2 |
|
2-(2-氯-3,5-二甲基苯基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二噁硼烷 | 2-(2-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 1256781-74-4 | C14H20BClO2 |
|
2-(2-氨基噻唑-4-基)乙醛酸乙酯 | ethyl 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)glyoxylate | 64987-08-2 | C7H8N2O3S |
|
2-(2-氨基乙基)-1,3-二-叔丁氧羰基-胍 | tert-butyl N-[N'-(2-aminoethyl)-N-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonyl]carbamimidoyl]carbamate | 203258-44-0 | C13H26N4O4 |
|
2-(2-己基癸氧基)苯甲酰胺 | 2-(2'-hexyl-1-decyloxy)benzamide | 202483-62-3 | C23H39NO2 |
|
2-(2-噻吩基)羟基乙脒 | N'-hydroxy-2-(2-thienyl)acetamidine | 59174-12-8 | C6H8N2OS |
|
2-(2-吡啶基)乙基硫脲 | (2-pyridin-2-yl-ethyl)-thiourea | 180403-26-3 | C8H11N3S |
|
2-(2-吡啶基)丙二醛 | 2-(pyridin-2-yl)malondialdehyde | 212755-83-4 | C8H7NO2 |
|
2-(2-(苄氧基)乙氧基)乙酸叔丁酯 | tert-butyl 2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethoxy)acetate | 1309451-06-6 | C15H22O4 |
|
2-(2-(苄氧基)乙基)氧杂环丁烷 | 2-((benzyloxy)methyl)oxetane | 489427-99-8 | C11H14O2 |
|
2-(2-(4-溴)丙-1-烯-1-基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼烷 | (E)-2-(2-(4-bromophenyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 1398771-27-1 | C15H20BBrO2 |
|
2-(2-(4-氯)丙-1-烯-1-基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼烷 | (Z)-2-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 1187525-05-8 | C15H20BClO2 |
|
2-(2-(3-氟苯基)丙-1-烯-1-基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂硼烷 | (E)-2-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)prop-1-enyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 1398771-28-2 | C15H20BFO2 |
|
2-(2-(2-氨基乙氧基)乙氧基)乙基氨基甲酸叔丁酯 | tert-butyl {2-[2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}carbamate | 153086-78-3 | C11H24N2O4 |
|
2-(2-(2-(2-氨基乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)乙酸叔丁酯 | tert-butyl 2-(2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)acetate | 189808-70-6 | C12H25NO5 |
|
2-(2-(((6-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)氧基)甲基)苯基)乙酸甲酯 | methyl 2-(6-tri-fluoromethylpyrid-2-yloxymethyl)phenylacetate | 187327-30-6 | C16H14F3NO3 |
|
2-(2,6-二甲基-1,5-庚二烯基)-1,3-二氧戊环-4-甲醇 | 1,3-Dioxolane-4-methanol, 2-(2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadienyl)- | 5694-82-6 | C13H22O3 |
|
2-(2,6-二氯苯基)乙酸乙酯 | ethyl 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetate | 90793-64-9 | C10H10Cl2O2 |
|
2-(2,6-二氯苯基)-乙脒 | 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)acetamidine | 78622-21-6 | C8H8Cl2N2 |
|
2-(2,5-二氢呋喃-3-基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二噁硼烷 | 2-(2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 212127-80-5 | C10H17BO3 |
|
2-(2,5-二氟苯基)-乙脒 | 2-(2,5-Difluorophenyl)ethanimidamide | 885965-83-3 | C8H8F2N2 |
|
2-(2,4-二硝基苯氧基)乙醇 | 2-(2,4-dinitrophenoxy)ethanol | 2831-60-9 | C8H8N2O6 |
|
2-(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)苯酚 | 2-O-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)catechol | 160968-99-0 | C8H7F3O2 |
|
2-(1H-吡唑-1-基)吡啶-5-硼酸频那醇酯 | 2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine | 1218791-02-6 | C14H18BN3O2 |
|
2-(1-金刚烷基)苯酚 | 2-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenol | 38614-06-1 | C16H20O |
|
2-(1-萘基甲基硫代)丙酸 | 2-<1>Naphthylmethylmercapto-propionsaeure | 5261-46-1 | C14H14O2S |
|
2-(1-苯并噻吩-5-基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼烷 | 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-5-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane | 501945-71-7 | C14H17BO2S |
|
2-(1-甲基-2-吡咯烷基亚基)乙酸乙酯 | Ethyl (2Z)-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylidene)acetate | 78167-64-3 | C9H15NO2 |
|
2-(1-已炔)苯甲酸甲酯 | methyl 2-(hex-1-yn-1-yl)benzoate | 462637-40-7 | C14H16O2 |
|
2-(1-乙氧基亚乙基)丙二酸二乙酯 | diethyl 2-(1-ethoxyethylidene)malonate | 3044-06-2 | C11H18O5 |
|
2-(1-乙氧基亚乙基)丙二腈 | (1-ethoxyethylidene)malononitrile | 5417-82-3 | C7H8N2O |
|
2-(1,4-二叠氮烷-1-基)乙酮 | 2-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)ethanol | 53427-65-9 | C7H16N2O |
|
2-(1,3-二氧戊环-2-基)乙基三苯基溴化磷 | 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl(triphenyl)phosphonium bromide | 86608-70-0 | Br*C23H24O2P |
|
2-(1,3-二氧己环-2-基)乙基三苯基溴化膦 | 2-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide | 69891-92-5 | Br*C24H26O2P |
|
2-((叔丁氧羰基氨基)甲基)噻唑-4-甲酸乙酯 | ethyl 2-[N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl]thiazole-4-carboxylate | 96929-05-4 | C12H18N2O4S |
|
2-((叔丁氧基羰基)氨基)噻唑-4-羧酸乙酯 | ethyl 2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]thiazole-4-carboxylate | 189512-01-4 | C11H16N2O4S |
|
2-((乙氧基碳硫代)硫代)乙酸乙酯 | ethyl 2-(ethoxythiocarbonylthio)acetate | 3278-34-0 | C7H12O3S2 |
|
2-((3S)-3-{3-[(E)-2-(7-氯喹啉-2-基)乙烯基]苯基}-3-羟基丙基)苯甲酸甲酯水合物 | Methyl 2-((3S)-3-{3-[(E)-2-(7-chloroquinolin-2-YL)vinyl]phenyl}-3-hydroxypropyl)benzoate hydrate | 287930-78-3 | C28H26ClNO4 |
|
2-((1R,4R)-4-(4-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧杂环戊硼烷-2-基)苯 | methyl 2-(trans-4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclohexyl)acetate | 1245708-06-8 | C21H31BO4 |
|
2-((1R,4R)-4-(4-(((三氟甲基)磺酰基)氧基)苯基)环己基)乙酸甲酯 | methyl [trans-4-(4-{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy}phenyl)cyclohexyl]acetate | 701232-68-0 | C16H19F3O5S |
|
2,萘酚-3,6,8-三磺酸 | 7-hydroxy-naphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid | 6259-66-1 | C10H8O10S3 |
|
2,9-二甲酰氯-1,10-菲咯啉 | 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarbonyl chloride | 84670-37-1 | C14H6Cl2N2O2 |
|
2,9-二甲基奎并[2,3-b]吖啶-6,7,13,14(5H,12H)-四酮 | (Z)-octadec-9-en-1-ol;titanium | 5894-67-7 | C18H36OTi |
|