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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— [(2R)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-yl] (2Z,4E,6Z,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoate 40516-48-1 C49H76O3
    [(2R)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-yl] (2Z,4E,6Z,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoate
    —— (2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-(2-amino-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)-6-(methoxycarbonyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate 229977-57-5 C20H25NO11
    (2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-(2-amino-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)-6-(methoxycarbonyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate
    —— [(rac-N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)Co(tosylate)] 672306-06-8 C43H59CoN2O5S
    [(rac-N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)Co(tosylate)]
    —— 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate 847499-74-5 CNS*C10H19N2
    1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate
    —— fluorenone dianion 36321-91-2 C13H8O
    fluorenone dianion
    —— mesityl(phenyl)iodonium triflouromethanesulfonate 144930-50-7 CF3O3S*C15H16I
    mesityl(phenyl)iodonium triflouromethanesulfonate
    —— 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranosyl 1-(N-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetimidate 942428-83-3 C22H24F3NO10
    2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranosyl 1-(N-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetimidate
    —— trans-2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-ol 1708-40-3 C10H12O3
    trans-2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-ol
    —— trans-2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-ol 1708-40-3 C10H12O3
    trans-2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-ol
    —— bis(4-methylphenyl)iodonium trifluoromethanesulfonate 123726-16-9 CF3O3S*C14H14I
    bis(4-methylphenyl)iodonium trifluoromethanesulfonate
    —— 3-ETHOXY-3-OXOPROPYLZINC BROMIDE 193065-68-8 C5H9BrO2Zn
    3-ETHOXY-3-OXOPROPYLZINC BROMIDE
    —— 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate 16561-29-8 C36H56O8
    12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
    —— 4α-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 16561-29-8 C36H56O8
    4α-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
    —— 4α-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 16561-29-8 C36H56O8
    4α-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
    —— 2-sulfo-benzoic acid ; ammonium salt 6939-89-5 C7H5O5S*H4N
    2-sulfo-benzoic acid ; ammonium salt
    —— β-D-glucopyranosyl azide 51368-20-8 C5H9N3O4
    β-D-glucopyranosyl azide
    —— Dimethyl-(trimethylsilyl)-arsin 6618-05-9 C5H15AsSi
    Dimethyl-(trimethylsilyl)-arsin
    —— (η5-C5H5)Mo(CO)3H 12176-06-6 C8H6MoO3
    (η5-C5H5)Mo(CO)3H
    —— methyl 2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate 1315510-13-4 C12H8F3NO2S
    methyl 2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate
    —— (2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethyl)zinc(II) bromide 51656-70-3 C6H11BrO2Zn
    (2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethyl)zinc(II) bromide
    —— ferrocenium(III) tetrafluoroborate 1282-37-7 BF4*C10H10Fe
    ferrocenium(III) tetrafluoroborate
    —— 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoate 1403815-88-2 C13H11Cl2N3O4
    2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoate
    —— 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 2-bromobenzoate 1392515-27-3 C13H12BrN3O4
    2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 2-bromobenzoate
    —— methyl (phenyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-D-glycerol-β-D-galactonon-2-ulopyranoside)onate 118977-25-6 C26H33NO12S
    methyl (phenyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-D-glycerol-β-D-galactonon-2-ulopyranoside)onate
    —— disodium 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate dihydrate 76758-30-0 C10H6O6S2*2H2O*2Na
    disodium 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate dihydrate
    —— 4-{N,N-bis[4-(N-phenothiazinyl)phenyl]amino}benzaldehyde 943784-70-1 C43H29N3OS2
    4-{N,N-bis[4-(N-phenothiazinyl)phenyl]amino}benzaldehyde
    —— ethyl-3-ethoxy-2-(2,4,5-trifluorobenzoyl)acrylate 101799-75-1 C14H13F3O4
    ethyl-3-ethoxy-2-(2,4,5-trifluorobenzoyl)acrylate
    —— (dicyclopentadiene)platinum(II) dichloride 12083-92-0 C10H12Cl2Pt
    (dicyclopentadiene)platinum(II) dichloride
    —— 2-bromo-2',4',6'-triisopropyl-3,6-dimethoxybiphenyl 1402393-56-9 C23H31BrO2
    2-bromo-2',4',6'-triisopropyl-3,6-dimethoxybiphenyl
    —— 1-methyl-ortho-carborane 16872-10-9 C3H14B10
    1-methyl-ortho-carborane
    —— (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine)iron(III) chloride 36995-20-7 C48H36ClFeN4O4
    (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine)iron(III) chloride
    —— Lipoic acid 62-46-4 C8H14O2S2
    Lipoic acid
    —— 4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxybenzonitrile 890038-13-8 C9H9NO2
    4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxybenzonitrile
    —— Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3b,14b)- 434-16-2 C27H44O
    Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3b,14b)-
    —— Tetraethylammonium tetrachloro-manganat(II) 56-34-8 C8H20N*Cl*Cl2Mn
    Tetraethylammonium tetrachloro-manganat(II)
    —— cyclopentadienyl iron(II) dicarbonyl dimer 38117-54-3 C14H10Fe2O4
    cyclopentadienyl iron(II) dicarbonyl dimer
    —— bis[(+)-pinanediolato]diboron 230299-05-5 C20H32B2O4
    bis[(+)-pinanediolato]diboron
    —— diphenyleneiodonium sulfate 4510-83-2 2C12H8I*O4S
    diphenyleneiodonium sulfate
    —— 2-carboxy-phenylmercury (1+)-betaine 5722-59-8 C7H4HgO2
    2-carboxy-phenylmercury (1+)-betaine
    —— Fmoc-N-EtGly-OH 162545-29-1 C19H19NO4
    Fmoc-N-EtGly-OH
    —— (rac)-halofuginone lactate 82186-71-8 C3H6O3*C16H17BrClN3O3
    (rac)-halofuginone lactate
    —— glycerol diglycidyl ether 27043-36-3 C9H16O5
    glycerol diglycidyl ether
    —— tert-butyl 4-(2-fluorobenzoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate 1134327-76-6 C17H22FNO3
    tert-butyl 4-(2-fluorobenzoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
    —— sSPhos 870245-75-3 C26H34O5PS*Na
    sSPhos
    —— p-di(p-tolyl)aminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone 83992-95-4 C33H29N3
    p-di(p-tolyl)aminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone
    —— adamantan-1-ol 768-95-6 C10H16O
    adamantan-1-ol
    —— 1-amino-1-cyanoamino-2,2-dicyanoethylene sodium salt 19450-38-5 C5H2N5*Na
    1-amino-1-cyanoamino-2,2-dicyanoethylene sodium salt
    —— methyl 4-bromo-2-formylbenzoate 1260795-42-3 C9H7BrO3
    methyl 4-bromo-2-formylbenzoate
    —— bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-5,6-dicarboxylic acid 3853-88-1 C9H10O4
    bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-5,6-dicarboxylic acid
    —— (9-(naphthalen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)boronic acid 1133057-98-3 C22H16BNO2
    (9-(naphthalen-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)boronic acid