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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— Dimethylisopropylsilane 18209-61-5 C5H13Si
    Dimethylisopropylsilane
    —— bis-(3-methyl-benzothiazol-2-yl)-azamethinium ; toluene-4-sulfonate 101317-85-5 C7H7O3S*C16H14N3S2
    bis-(3-methyl-benzothiazol-2-yl)-azamethinium ; toluene-4-sulfonate
    —— 1-(5-tert-butylisoxazol-3-yl)-3-(3-chlorophenyl)urea 852670-31-6 C14H16ClN3O2
    1-(5-tert-butylisoxazol-3-yl)-3-(3-chlorophenyl)urea
    —— diethyl(octyl)phosphine oxide 70709-56-7 C12H27OP
    diethyl(octyl)phosphine oxide
    —— Cholesterolformate 4351-55-7 C28H46O2
    Cholesterolformate
    —— allyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)-α-D-glucopyranoside 183388-21-8 C19H22Cl3NO7
    allyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonylamino)-α-D-glucopyranoside
    —— meso-Diethyl 2,5-Dibromoadipate 54221-37-3 C10H16Br2O4
    meso-Diethyl 2,5-Dibromoadipate
    —— methyl 1-(2-fluoro-4-nitrophenyl)-4-piperidinecarboxylate 915187-39-2 C13H15FN2O4
    methyl 1-(2-fluoro-4-nitrophenyl)-4-piperidinecarboxylate
    —— (S)-2-(3-chlorophenoxy) propanoic acid 101-10-0 C9H9ClO3
    (S)-2-(3-chlorophenoxy) propanoic acid
    —— (R)-(+)-2-(3-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid 101-10-0 C9H9ClO3
    (R)-(+)-2-(3-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid
    —— 2-((fluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzo[d]thiazole 189579-72-4 C8H6FNO2S2
    2-((fluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzo[d]thiazole
    —— 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-4,7-methano-1H-inden-6-yl 2-methyl-2-propenoate 46502-72-1 C14H18O2
    3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Hexahydro-4,7-methano-1H-inden-6-yl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
    —— N,N'-bis(2-Hexyldecyl)-1,7-dibromo-3,4,9,10-perylene diimide 1374838-69-3 C56H72Br2N2O4
    N,N'-bis(2-Hexyldecyl)-1,7-dibromo-3,4,9,10-perylene diimide
    —— 9-((2-bromophenyl)methyl)-9H-fluorene 187754-47-8 C20H15Br
    9-((2-bromophenyl)methyl)-9H-fluorene
    —— <(1R)-(endo,anti)>-(+)-3-bromocamphor-8-sulfonic acid 5344-58-1 C10H15BrO4S
    <(1R)-(endo,anti)>-(+)-3-bromocamphor-8-sulfonic acid
    —— 4-octyloxyphenylmethanethiol 869650-47-5 C15H24OS
    4-octyloxyphenylmethanethiol
    —— (+/-)-epipentenomycin I 77480-52-5 C6H8O4
    (+/-)-epipentenomycin I
    —— (S)-tert-butyl 2-(2-cyano-4,4-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethylcarbamate 1448440-50-3 C12H17F2N3O3
    (S)-tert-butyl 2-(2-cyano-4,4-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethylcarbamate
    —— Benzenaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, (tribromide) 4207-56-1 C9H14Br3N-2
    Benzenaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, (tribromide)
    —— 2-bromo-4-tert-butylbiphenyl 70729-01-0 C16H17Br
    2-bromo-4-tert-butylbiphenyl
    —— 4-isothiocyanato-2-methyl-1-nitrobenzene 285125-75-9 C8H6N2O2S
    4-isothiocyanato-2-methyl-1-nitrobenzene
    —— (6<i>R</i>)-7<i>t</i>-[2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(<i>Z</i>)-methoxyimino-acetylamino]-3-hydroxymethyl-8-oxo-(6<i>r</i><i>H</i>)-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid 66340-28-1 C14H15N5O6S2
    (6<i>R</i>)-7<i>t</i>-[2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(<i>Z</i>)-methoxyimino-acetylamino]-3-hydroxymethyl-8-oxo-(6<i>r</i><i>H</i>)-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
    —— 4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-[1,5]naphthyridine-3-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester 53241-92-2 C12H12N2O4
    4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-[1,5]naphthyridine-3-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester
    —— 4-amino-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid 77289-98-6 C9H7N3O3
    4-amino-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
    —— ethyl 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetate 56795-98-3 C6H9NO2S
    ethyl 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetate
    —— 3,4-dichloro-benz-anti-aldoxime 5331-92-0 C7H5Cl2NO
    3,4-dichloro-benz-anti-aldoxime
    —— (5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)methanamine 1978-39-8 C8H10FNO
    (5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)methanamine
    —— 2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethyl methanesulfonate 741699-48-9 C15H23BO6S
    2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)ethyl methanesulfonate
    —— (R)-2-fluorocyclohexanone 694-82-6 C6H9FO
    (R)-2-fluorocyclohexanone
    —— Interiotherin C 460090-65-7 C30H36O10
    Interiotherin C
    —— 1-Chloro-4-phenylnaphthalene 52806-22-1 C16H11Cl
    1-Chloro-4-phenylnaphthalene
    —— (3S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxybutanoic acid 911634-87-2 C15H31NO5Si
    (3S)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxybutanoic acid
    —— Disodium;[2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-yl] phosphate 60934-46-5 C29H49Na2O5P
    Disodium;[2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-yl] phosphate
    —— methyl 3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-formylthiophene-2-carboxylate 946605-42-1 C12H15NO5S
    methyl 3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-formylthiophene-2-carboxylate
    —— (R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate 67614-33-9 C25H22ClNO3
    (R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate
    —— 3,5-difluorocinnamic acid 84315-23-1 C9H6F2O2
    3,5-difluorocinnamic acid
    —— (17R)-17-ethynyl-13-methyl-9,11,12,14,15,16-hexahydro-8H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-diol 67703-68-8 C20H22O2
    (17R)-17-ethynyl-13-methyl-9,11,12,14,15,16-hexahydro-8H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-diol
    —— tert-butyl 4-((hydroxyimino)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate 190446-85-6 C11H20N2O3
    tert-butyl 4-((hydroxyimino)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
    —— Ciclonicate 53449-58-4 C15H21NO2
    Ciclonicate
    —— B,B'-[5''-(4'-Borono[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)[1,1':4',1'':3'',1''':4''',1''''-quinquephenyl]-4,4''''-diyl]bis- 1290630-80-6 C42H33B3O6
    B,B'-[5''-(4'-Borono[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)[1,1':4',1'':3'',1''':4''',1''''-quinquephenyl]-4,4''''-diyl]bis-
    —— methyl 6-chlorosulfonylpyridine-2-carboxylate 1314922-50-3 C7H6ClNO4S
    methyl 6-chlorosulfonylpyridine-2-carboxylate
    —— 2-((5-chloro-2-((4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-N-methylbenzamide 1439934-41-4 C22H24ClN7O
    2-((5-chloro-2-((4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-N-methylbenzamide
    —— 1,1-dimethylethyl (3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)carbamate 100282-49-3 C12H16ClNO2
    1,1-dimethylethyl (3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)carbamate
    —— (2-((5-ethyl-2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)methoxy)ethyl)trimethylsilane 1421503-40-3 C20H34BFO4Si
    (2-((5-ethyl-2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)methoxy)ethyl)trimethylsilane
    —— 4-Azido-cinnamaldehyd 22736-78-3 C9H7N3O
    4-Azido-cinnamaldehyd
    —— 2,6-bis(4-azidobenzylidene)cyclohexanone 20237-98-3 C20H16N6O
    2,6-bis(4-azidobenzylidene)cyclohexanone
    —— methyl 3-bromo-2-bromomethyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzoate 1042722-41-7 C11H12Br2O4
    methyl 3-bromo-2-bromomethyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzoate
    —— 3-(t-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-4-fluorobenzaldehyde 478930-07-3 C14H21FO2Si
    3-(t-butyldimethylsilanyloxymethyl)-4-fluorobenzaldehyde
    —— tert-butyl (S)-2-methyl-3-oxoazetidine-1-carboxylate 171919-76-9 C9H15NO3
    tert-butyl (S)-2-methyl-3-oxoazetidine-1-carboxylate
    —— propane‐1,3‐diyl dicarbamimidothioate dihydrobromide 5442-32-0 2BrH*C5H12N4S2
    propane‐1,3‐diyl dicarbamimidothioate dihydrobromide