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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— dichloro[(η<sup>5</sup>-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-ylidene)(diphenylmethylene)[(5a,5b,11a,12,12a-η)-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10-octahydro-1,1,4,4,7,7,10,10-octamethyl-12H-dibenzo[b,h]fluoren-12-ylidene]]zirconium 473173-60-3 C47H50Cl2Zr
    dichloro[(η<sup>5</sup>-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-ylidene)(diphenylmethylene)[(5a,5b,11a,12,12a-η)-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10-octahydro-1,1,4,4,7,7,10,10-octamethyl-12H-dibenzo[b,h]fluoren-12-ylidene]]zirconium
    —— 2,5-Disulphobenzaldehyde 51818-11-2 C7H6O7S2
    2,5-Disulphobenzaldehyde
    —— n,n-Dimethylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate 69444-51-5 C6H14BF4N
    n,n-Dimethylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate
    —— trans-4-Propylcyclohexanemethanol 71458-06-5 C10H20O
    trans-4-Propylcyclohexanemethanol
    —— β-glycerol phosphate disodium salt pentahydrate 13408-09-8 C3H7O6P*5H2O*2Na
    β-glycerol phosphate disodium salt pentahydrate
    —— Azane;(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propanoate 174569-25-6 C10H18N2O6
    Azane;(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propanoate
    —— 9-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-2-ethoxy-6-methoxy-10-methylacridinium Tetrafluoroborate 2771238-32-3 BF4*C25H26NO2
    9-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-2-ethoxy-6-methoxy-10-methylacridinium Tetrafluoroborate
    —— cyclopropylboronic acid MIDA ester 1104637-36-6 C8H12BNO4
    cyclopropylboronic acid MIDA ester
    —— tert-butyl 2-cyanobenzoate 88636-64-0 C12H13NO2
    tert-butyl 2-cyanobenzoate
    —— (Z)-4-iodopent-3-en-2-ol 74785-05-0 C5H9IO
    (Z)-4-iodopent-3-en-2-ol
    —— 12H-Indeno[1,2-k]fluoranthene, 7,13-diphenyl- 64465-18-5 C35H22
    12H-Indeno[1,2-k]fluoranthene, 7,13-diphenyl-
    —— Fmoc-Tau-N3 849949-18-4 C17H16N4O4S
    Fmoc-Tau-N3
    —— exo-tricyclo<5.2.1.0<sup>2,6</sup>>dec-3-en-exo-8-ol 3385-61-3 C10H14O
    exo-tricyclo<5.2.1.0<sup>2,6</sup>>dec-3-en-exo-8-ol
    —— Benzene, 1-(trans-4-butylcyclohexyl)-4-isothiocyanato- 92444-13-8 C17H23NS
    Benzene, 1-(trans-4-butylcyclohexyl)-4-isothiocyanato-
    —— 4-Phenyl-1-nitro-benzol-Anionradikal 92-93-3 C12H9NO2
    4-Phenyl-1-nitro-benzol-Anionradikal
    —— 5-chloro-4-methylthiophene-2-sulfonyl chloride 1353435-17-2 C5H4Cl2O2S2
    5-chloro-4-methylthiophene-2-sulfonyl chloride
    —— Dimethylammonium dichlorotri(mu-chloro)bis[(R)-(+)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-1,1'-binaphthyl]diruthenate(II) [NH2Me2][{RuCl((R)-H8-binap)}2(mu-Cl)3] 944451-12-1 C90H88Cl5NP4Ru2
    Dimethylammonium dichlorotri(mu-chloro)bis[(R)-(+)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-1,1'-binaphthyl]diruthenate(II) [NH2Me2][{RuCl((R)-H8-binap)}2(mu-Cl)3]
    —— O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N<sup>α</sup>-(fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl)-L-serine pentafluorophenyl ester 137816-29-6 C38H35F5N2O13
    O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-N<sup>α</sup>-(fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl)-L-serine pentafluorophenyl ester
    —— 3-bromo-7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzo[de]anthracene 1335127-06-4 C19H15Br
    3-bromo-7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzo[de]anthracene
    —— (1α,3α,5α,6α)-3-[[(1,1-Dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6-amine 2138475-62-2 C12H25NOSi
    (1α,3α,5α,6α)-3-[[(1,1-Dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6-amine
    —— 1,2-cyclohexanediol 931-17-9 C6H12O2
    1,2-cyclohexanediol
    —— 1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester 109175-10-2 C11H10N2O4
    1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
    —— D-glycero-D-talo-heptono-1,4-lactone 60046-25-5 C7H12O7
    D-glycero-D-talo-heptono-1,4-lactone
    —— (4-bromophenyl)divinylphosphine oxide 1616557-91-5 C10H10BrOP
    (4-bromophenyl)divinylphosphine oxide
    —— methyl 2-[3-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]acetate 1030829-37-8 C11H14O3
    methyl 2-[3-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]acetate
    —— 2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylphenylboronic acid 750586-15-3 C9H13BO4
    2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylphenylboronic acid
    —— 2,4-Dichloro-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester 102274-43-1 C13H11Cl2N3O4
    2,4-Dichloro-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester
    —— methyl 2-(4-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)acetate 66621-52-1 C7H7ClN2O2
    methyl 2-(4-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)acetate
    —— 2206742-97-2 C29H34ClN7O.2ClH
    —— 6-methoxy-5-methyl-[1]naphthylamine 838870-24-9 C12H13NO
    6-methoxy-5-methyl-[1]naphthylamine
    —— chlorogold;(8-diphenylphosphanylnaphthalen-1-yl)-diphenylphosphane 178688-74-9 C34H26Au2Cl2P2
    chlorogold;(8-diphenylphosphanylnaphthalen-1-yl)-diphenylphosphane
    —— N,N',N'',N'''-[Silanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]tetrakis(4-methyl-2-pentanimine) 156145-62-9 C24H48N4O4Si
    N,N',N'',N'''-[Silanetetrayltetrakis(oxy)]tetrakis(4-methyl-2-pentanimine)
    —— methyl 2-((1r,4r)-4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclohexyl)acetate 701232-69-1 C21H31BO4
    methyl 2-((1r,4r)-4-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclohexyl)acetate
    —— (3aS,4S,6aR)-6-Amino-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo[3,4-d][1,3]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester 68674-02-2 C9H15NO5
    (3aS,4S,6aR)-6-Amino-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo[3,4-d][1,3]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester
    —— ethyl(2-cyano-2-(2-(3,5-dichloro-4-((5-isopropyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-3-yl)oxy)phenyl)hydrazono)acetyl)carbamate 920509-33-7 C19H18Cl2N6O5
    ethyl(2-cyano-2-(2-(3,5-dichloro-4-((5-isopropyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-3-yl)oxy)phenyl)hydrazono)acetyl)carbamate
    —— 2-oxo-heptadecanoic acid ethyl ester 855891-91-7 C19H36O3
    2-oxo-heptadecanoic acid ethyl ester
    —— 2-Isopropylamino-5-phenylamino-[1,4]benzoquinone 68054-73-9 C15H16N2O2
    2-Isopropylamino-5-phenylamino-[1,4]benzoquinone
    —— [Ru(II)(C5H5)(C5H4PPh2)] 1356191-89-3 C22H19PRu
    [Ru(II)(C5H5)(C5H4PPh2)]
    —— 2-chloro-1,4-bis-pentafluoroethyl-benzene 320-59-2 C10H3ClF10
    2-chloro-1,4-bis-pentafluoroethyl-benzene
    —— (2-(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazole)-(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate 895167-37-0 C29H30IrNOP*C32H12BF24
    (2-(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazole)-(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate
    —— 4-bromo-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzenesulfonamide 7523-00-4 C13H12BrNO3S
    4-bromo-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzenesulfonamide
    —— 1-cyclohexylpropargylamine 1207502-76-8 C9H15N
    1-cyclohexylpropargylamine
    —— N-[(1R,8S,9S)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-ylmethyloxycarbonyl]-1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxaoctane 1263166-93-3 C17H28N2O4
    N-[(1R,8S,9S)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-ylmethyloxycarbonyl]-1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxaoctane
    —— 1,1a(2)-Bis(hydroxymethyl)ferrocene 1291-48-1 C12H24FeO2
    1,1a(2)-Bis(hydroxymethyl)ferrocene
    —— 913619-89-3 C26H21Cl2FeN3
    —— 2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-1-ium 147202-35-5 C10H20NO2+
    2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-1-ium
    —— P-(TRANS-4-HYDROXYCYCLOHEXYL)PHENOL 65132-43-6 C12H16O2
    P-(TRANS-4-HYDROXYCYCLOHEXYL)PHENOL
    —— 1-Adamantaneethanol 6240-11-5 C12H20O
    1-Adamantaneethanol
    —— ethyl 4-hydroxy-2-pyrazol-1-yl-pyrimidine-5-carboxylate 1343572-58-6 C10H10N4O3
    ethyl 4-hydroxy-2-pyrazol-1-yl-pyrimidine-5-carboxylate
    —— 2-bromo-9-chloro-9H-fluorene 131303-10-1 C13H8BrCl
    2-bromo-9-chloro-9H-fluorene