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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 2-<<(2-amino-4-thiazolyl) ((Z)-methoxyimino)acetyl>aminomethyl>-1,2,5,7-tetrahydro-7-oxo-4H-furo<3,4-d> <1,3>thiazine 130468-09-6 C13H15N5O4S2
    2-<<(2-amino-4-thiazolyl) ((Z)-methoxyimino)acetyl>aminomethyl>-1,2,5,7-tetrahydro-7-oxo-4H-furo<3,4-d> <1,3>thiazine
    —— 5858-53-7 C20H14N2NaO4S
    —— methyl 3-(3-formylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate 1159493-22-7 C13H16O3
    methyl 3-(3-formylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate
    —— 2,3,4-Tri-O-acetyl-D-glucuronide methyl ester 3082-95-9 C13H18O10
    2,3,4-Tri-O-acetyl-D-glucuronide methyl ester
    —— P-(monofluoromethyl)triphenylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate 96385-23-8 BF4*C19H17FP
    P-(monofluoromethyl)triphenylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate
    —— cis-3-hydroxy-cyclobutanecarbonitrile 88315-79-1 C5H7NO
    cis-3-hydroxy-cyclobutanecarbonitrile
    —— methyl 6-chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoate 1376760-10-9 C9H8ClNO4
    methyl 6-chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoate
    —— Diisopropylamine borane 55124-35-1 C6H15BN
    Diisopropylamine borane
    —— 6,12-Dihydroxy-heptadec-10-insaeure-methylester 818-15-5 C18H32O4
    6,12-Dihydroxy-heptadec-10-insaeure-methylester
    —— ethyl glycodeoxycholate 70779-06-5 C28H47NO5
    ethyl glycodeoxycholate
    —— 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane 1130490-92-4 C16H23BO2
    4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane
    —— trans-Cyclopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 705-35-1 C6H6O6
    trans-Cyclopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
    —— 4-[(O-Arsonophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxy-2, disodium salt 3688-92-4 C16H13AsN2NaO10S2+
    4-[(O-Arsonophenyl)azo]-3-hydroxy-2, disodium salt
    —— ethyl hexa-2,4-dienoate 2396-84-1 C8H12O2
    ethyl hexa-2,4-dienoate
    —— 16-[(E)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)azo]-3,6,9,12-tetraoxabicyclo[12.3.1]octadeca-1(18),14,16-trien-18-ol 81238-57-5 C20H22N4O9
    16-[(E)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)azo]-3,6,9,12-tetraoxabicyclo[12.3.1]octadeca-1(18),14,16-trien-18-ol
    —— tert-butyl 3-allyl-3-hydroxyazetidine-1-carboxylate 1401728-89-9 C11H19NO3
    tert-butyl 3-allyl-3-hydroxyazetidine-1-carboxylate
    —— Co(II) octabutoxynaphthalocyanine 210307-05-4 C80H88CoN8O8
    Co(II) octabutoxynaphthalocyanine
    —— tert-butyl N-[4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate 177583-27-6 C12H24N2O2
    tert-butyl N-[4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]carbamate
    —— 3-methyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester 1382786-18-6 C10H13N3O3
    3-methyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
    —— (4-methoxy-phenyl)-borane 45713-46-0 C7H9BO
    (4-methoxy-phenyl)-borane
    —— Magnesium, bromo[4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]- 364358-98-5 C8H7BrMgO2
    Magnesium, bromo[4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-
    —— 3-Methylfuran-2-sulfonyl chloride 926921-60-0 C5H5ClO3S
    3-Methylfuran-2-sulfonyl chloride
    —— 4,5,6,7,8,8-hexachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione 115-27-5 C9H2Cl6O3
    4,5,6,7,8,8-hexachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione
    —— glyoxal mono(dimethylhydrazone) 62506-63-2 C4H8N2O
    glyoxal mono(dimethylhydrazone)
    —— bbpr-CH2St 946088-82-0 C71H66N10O
    bbpr-CH2St
    —— (5Z)-cycloocta-1,5-diene;(2S,5S)-1-[2-[(2S,5S)-2,5-di(propan-2-yl)phospholan-1-yl]phenyl]-2,5-di(propan-2-yl)phospholane;rhodium;tetrafluoroborate 1000393-36-1 C34H56BF4P2Rh-
    (5Z)-cycloocta-1,5-diene;(2S,5S)-1-[2-[(2S,5S)-2,5-di(propan-2-yl)phospholan-1-yl]phenyl]-2,5-di(propan-2-yl)phospholane;rhodium;tetrafluoroborate
    —— ginkgolide K 153355-70-5 C20H22O9
    ginkgolide K
    —— 6-cyano-benzo[1,3]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester 33842-19-2 C10H7NO4
    6-cyano-benzo[1,3]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester
    —— fluorodichlorotrimethylsilane 90503-30-3 C4H9Cl2FSi
    fluorodichlorotrimethylsilane
    —— 3-(N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-N-methylamino)-4-methyloxyphenyl iodide 1388628-73-6 C13H18INO3
    3-(N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-N-methylamino)-4-methyloxyphenyl iodide
    —— ((1R,2S)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-((p-tosyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate 1450904-92-3 C20H21FO5S
    ((1R,2S)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-((p-tosyloxy)methyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate
    —— 3-cyano-1-methylisothiourea sodium salt 67944-71-2 C3H4N3S*Na
    3-cyano-1-methylisothiourea sodium salt
    —— diphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate 135654-49-8 CF3O3S*C14H12F3S
    diphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate
    —— (+)-Bis(pinanediolato)diboron 230299-05-5 C20H32B2O4
    (+)-Bis(pinanediolato)diboron
    —— carbanide;chloropalladium(1+);(5Z)-cycloocta-1,5-diene 63936-85-6 C9H15ClPd
    carbanide;chloropalladium(1+);(5Z)-cycloocta-1,5-diene
    —— [((4S,5S)-Cy2-Ubaphox)Ir(COD)]BARF 880262-14-6 C77H70BF24IrNO2P-
    [((4S,5S)-Cy2-Ubaphox)Ir(COD)]BARF
    —— 3-hydroxy-naphthalene-2,6-disulfonic acid ; sodium salt 83949-45-5 C10H6O7S2*2Na
    3-hydroxy-naphthalene-2,6-disulfonic acid ; sodium salt
    —— 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-D-gluconhydroximo-1,5-lactone 132063-03-7 C15H18N2O6
    2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-D-gluconhydroximo-1,5-lactone
    —— 3-chloro-9,9'-spirobi[fluorene] 1373116-37-0 C25H15Cl
    3-chloro-9,9'-spirobi[fluorene]
    —— 1,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-ortho-carborane 19610-37-8 C4H16B10O2
    1,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-ortho-carborane
    —— guanidine; chloride , compound with cadmium-chloride 50-01-1 CH5N3*ClH*Cd2Cl4
    guanidine; chloride , compound with cadmium-chloride
    —— 1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid-1,2,3,4-dianhydride 4411-19-2 C8H4O6
    1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid-1,2,3,4-dianhydride
    —— (η6-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene)(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(0) 42516-72-3 C16H22Ru
    (η6-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene)(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(0)
    —— Essigsaeure-<(2R,4'R,8'R)-α-tocopherylester> 58-95-7 C31H52O3
    Essigsaeure-<(2R,4'R,8'R)-α-tocopherylester>
    —— 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol,3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4S,8S)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-,acetate, (2S)- 58-95-7 C31H52O3
    2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol,3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4S,8S)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-,acetate, (2S)-
    —— methyl 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2-carboxylate 307307-82-0 C9H12N2O2
    methyl 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-2-carboxylate
    —— 1,2-Dicarbadodecaborane(12), 1-(bromomethyl)- 19496-84-5 C3H13B10Br
    1,2-Dicarbadodecaborane(12), 1-(bromomethyl)-
    —— 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) 20644-12-6 C2H12B10
    1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12)
    —— methyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-O-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]-D-tyrosinate 149709-56-8 C16H20F3NO7S
    methyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-O-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]-D-tyrosinate
    —— 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]-21H,23H-porphine 1332748-00-1 C68H74B4N4O8
    5,10,15,20-Tetrakis[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]-21H,23H-porphine