从公元初到19世纪中叶,主要利用天然有机物(如动植物的提取液)进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代,开始有了人工合成的有机试剂,例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼;桑色素用于检测铝;重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根;α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴;丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后,在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论,人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团,进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作,合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂(如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等)。在50年代以前,络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初,以络合滴定法为主,自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析,并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时,有机试剂的结构理论研究(如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响)促进了新型有机试剂的开发,例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期,吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来,中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。
有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域,主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求,有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理,液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯,固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏;而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂,则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。
蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法,常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分,辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
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(S)-1-{(RP)-2-[二(2-呋喃基)膦基]二茂铁基}乙基二(3,5-二甲苯基)膦 | Iron(2+) 1-{(1S)-1-[bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphanyl]ethyl}-2-[di(furan-2-yl)phosphanyl]cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ide cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ide (1/1/1) | 649559-66-0 | C36H36FeO2P2 |
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(S)-1-{(RP)-2-[二(1-萘基)膦]二茂铁基}乙基二(3,5-二甲苯基)膦 | bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-[(1S)-1-(2-dinaphthalen-1-ylphosphanylcyclopenta-1,4-dien-1-yl)ethyl]phosphane;cyclopenta-1,3-diene;iron(2+) | 851308-41-3 | C48H44FeP2 |
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(S)-1-[(Rp)-2-(二环己基膦)二茂铁基乙基]二苯基膦 | (S,S)-1-(Dicyclohexylphosphino)-2-[1-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]ferrocene | 162291-01-2 | C36H44FeP2 |
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(S)-1-[(RP)-2-(二苯基膦)二茂铁基]乙基二(3,5-二甲苯基)膦 | (R)-1-{(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl}ethyl-di-3,5-xylylphosphine | 223121-07-1 | C40H40FeP2 |
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(S)-1-N-叔丁氧羰基-2,3-二氢-2-吡咯甲酸乙酯 | (S)-2,3-dihydropyrrole-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 2-ethyl ester | 178172-26-4 | C12H19NO4 |
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(S)-1-BOC-2-乙酰基-吡咯烷 | tert-butyl (2S)-2-acetylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate | 91550-08-2 | C11H19NO3 |
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(S)-1-(4-甲基苯基)乙胺 | (S)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethylamine | 27298-98-2 | C9H13N |
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(S)-1-(4-氟苯基)乙醇 | (S)-1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanol | 101219-73-2 | C8H9FO |
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(S)-1-(4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基)乙胺盐酸盐 | (S)-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl) ethanamine hydrochloride | 1391540-47-8 | C9H10F3NO*ClH |
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(S)-1-(2-氨基-5-氯苯基)-1-三氟甲基-3-环丙基-2-丙炔-1-醇 | (2S)-2-(2-amino-5-chlorophenyl)-4-cyclopropyl-1,1,1-trifluorobut-3-yn-2-ol | 209414-27-7 | C13H11ClF3NO |
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(S)-1-((S)-6-(5-(7-溴-9,9-二氟-9H-芴-2-基)-1H-咪唑-2-基)-5 | (1-{6-[5-(7-bromo-9,9-difluoro-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-aza-spiro[2.4]heptane-5-carbonyl}-2-methyl-propyl)-carbamic acid methyl ester | 1256388-50-7 | C29H29BrF2N4O3 |
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(S)-1,3-二氢-alpha-[(4-硝基苯基)甲基]-1,3-二氧代-2H-异吲哚-2-乙酸乙酯 | N-phthalimido-4-nitro-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester | 17451-67-1 | C19H16N2O6 |
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(S)-1,2,3,4-四氢-1-苯基异喹啉 D-(-)-酒石酸盐 | (S)-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline tartarate | 869884-00-4 | C4H6O6*C15H15N |
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(S)-(6,6′-二甲氧基联苯-2,2′-二基)双(二-2-呋喃基膦) | (S)-(6,6’-dimethoxybiphenyl-2,2’-diyl)bis(di-2-furylphosphine) | 145214-59-1 | C30H24O6P2 |
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(S)-(6,6′-二甲氧基联苯-2,2′-二基)二[双(3,5-二甲基苯基)膦] | (6,6’-dimethoxy-[1,1 ‘-biphenyl]-2,2’-diyl)bis(bis(3 ,5-dimethyl-phenyl)phosphine) | 362634-22-8 | C46H48O2P2 |
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(S)-(6,6′-二甲氧基联苯-2,2′-二基)二[双(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)膦] | (±)-(6,6'-dimethoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-diyl)bis(bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphane) | 927396-01-8 | C50H56O14P2 |
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(S)-(4-氟苯基)环氧乙烷 | (2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxirane | 134356-74-4 | C8H7FO |
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(S)-(-)-紫苏酸 | (s)-(-)-perillic acid | 23635-14-5 | C10H14O2 |
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(S)-(-)-甲基对甲苯亚砜 | (S)-methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide | 5056-07-5 | C8H10OS |
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(S)-(-)-环氧丙基甲基醚 | (2S)-2-(methoxymethyl)oxirane | 64491-68-5 | C4H8O2 |
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(S)-(-)-溴丁二酸 | (2S)-2-bromobutanedioic acid | 584-98-5 | C4H5BrO4 |
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(S)-(-)-柠檬烯 | (-)-(S)-limonene | 5989-54-8 | C10H16 |
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(S)-(-)-叔丁基亚磺酸硫代叔丁酯 | (S)-tert-butyl tert-butanethiosulfinate | 60011-16-7 | C8H18OS2 |
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(S)-(-)-二氨基丙烷二盐酸盐 | (S)-(-)-1,2-Diaminopropane dihydrochloride | 19777-66-3 | C3H12Cl2N2 |
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(S)-(-)-乳酸苄酯 | benzyl (S)-Lactate | 56777-24-3 | C10H12O3 |
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(S)-(-)-乳酸异丙酯 | (S)-isopropyl lactate | 63697-00-7 | C6H12O3 |
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(S)-(-)-乳酸异丙酯 | isopropyl lactate | 617-51-6 | C6H12O3 |
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(S)-(-)-β-羟基-γ-丁内酯 | (3S)-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone | 7331-52-4 | C4H6O3 |
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(S)-(-)-[(5,6),(5',6')-双(乙烯二氧)联苯-2,2'-基]二苯基磷 | (S)-synphos | 503538-68-9 | C40H32O4P2 |
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(S)-(-)-3-羟基-3-苯基丙酸乙酯 | ethyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionate | 33401-74-0 | C11H14O3 |
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(S)-(-)-3-溴异丁酸甲酯 | (S)-α-bromoisobutyric acid methyl ester | 98190-85-3 | C5H9BrO2 |
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(S)-(-)-2-溴丙酸 | (S)-2-bromopropanoic acid | 32644-15-8 | C3H5BrO2 |
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(S)-(-)-2-氯丙酸甲酯 | methyl-(S)-2-chloropropionate | 73246-45-4 | C4H7ClO2 |
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(S)-(-)-2-吡咯烷酮-5-羧酸丁酯 | n-butyl pyroglutamate | 4931-68-4 | C9H15NO3 |
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(S)-(-)-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环-4-羧酸甲酯 | methyl (4S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylate | 60456-21-5 | C7H12O4 |
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(S)-(-)-1-萘基-1-乙醇 | (S)-1-(1-Naphthyl)ethanol | 15914-84-8 | C12H12O |
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(S)-(-)-1-苯乙醇 | (S)-1-phenylethanol | 1445-91-6 | C8H10O |
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(S)-(-)-1-苄基-3-(叔丁氧羰基氨基)吡咯烷 | (S)-1-benzyl-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)pyrrolidine | 131852-53-4 | C16H24N2O2 |
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(S)-(-)-1-(2-萘基)乙醇 | (S)-1-(2-Naphthyl)ethanol | 27544-18-9 | C12H12O |
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(S)-(-)-1,2-辛二醇 | (S)-octane-1,2-diol | 1117-86-8 | C8H18O2 |
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(S)-(-)-1,2-环氧丁烷 | (S)-(-)-1,2-epoxybutane | 30608-62-9 | C4H8O |
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(S)-(-)-1,2,3,4-四氢-3-异喹啉羧酸苄酯 对甲苯磺酸盐 | benzyl (S)-(-)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinoline carboxylate p-toluenesulfonic acid salt | 77497-97-3 | C7H8O3S*C17H17NO2 |
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(S)-(+)-酮基蒎酸 | (1S)-(+)-ketopinic acid | 40724-67-2 | C10H14O3 |
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(S)-(+)-苯基丁二酸 | (S)-2-phenylsuccinic acid | 4036-30-0 | C10H10O4 |
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(S)-(+)-甲基丁腈 | (S)-(+)-2-methylbutyronitrile | 25570-03-0 | C5H9N |
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(S)-(+)-柠苹酸 | (S)-citramalic acid | 6236-09-5 | C5H8O5 |
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(S)-(+)-扁桃酸 | (S)-Mandelic acid | 17199-29-0 | C8H8O3 |
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(S)-(+)-对硝基苯磺酸缩水甘油酯 | (S)-(+)-glycidyl nosylate | 118712-60-0 | C9H9NO6S |
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(S)-(+)-对甲苯磺酸缩水甘油酯 | (S)-Glycidyl tosylate | 70987-78-9 | C10H12O4S |
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(S)-(+)-α-(三氟甲基)苄醇 | (S)-(+)-alpha-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol | 340-06-7 | C8H7F3O |
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