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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 1,2-Bis[(2R,5R)-2,5-diethylphospholano]benzene(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate 228121-39-9 C30H48BF4P2Rh-
    1,2-Bis[(2R,5R)-2,5-diethylphospholano]benzene(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate
    —— (S)-O,O-diacetylboldine 72584-75-9 C23H25NO6
    (S)-O,O-diacetylboldine
    —— methyl 4-methylfuran-2-carboxylate 6141-57-7 C7H8O3
    methyl 4-methylfuran-2-carboxylate
    —— 3-(3-furanyl)propenoic acid propyl ester 6938-33-6 C10H12O3
    3-(3-furanyl)propenoic acid propyl ester
    —— 3-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]-8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 1416776-19-6 C18H26BNO3
    3-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]-8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane
    —— (2S,6R)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)phenyl)morpholine 1416776-06-1 C18H28BNO3
    (2S,6R)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- yl)phenyl)morpholine
    —— ethyl 3-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]acrylate 876169-22-1 C17H23BO4
    ethyl 3-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]acrylate
    —— 7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazole 1326714-48-0 C13H16BNO2S
    7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazole
    —— 5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-bithiophene 647836-56-4 C26H25BO2
    5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-bithiophene
    —— (R)-4-(tert-butyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrooxazole 117408-98-7 C12H16N2O
    (R)-4-(tert-butyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrooxazole
    —— cycloocta-1,5-diene;(2S,5S)-1-[2-[(2S,5S)-2,5-diethylphospholan-1-yl]phenyl]-2,5-diethylphospholane;rhodium;trifluoromethanesulfonate 142184-30-3 C31H48F3O3P2RhS-
    cycloocta-1,5-diene;(2S,5S)-1-[2-[(2S,5S)-2,5-diethylphospholan-1-yl]phenyl]-2,5-diethylphospholane;rhodium;trifluoromethanesulfonate
    —— 3Z-cembrene A 1898-13-1 C20H32
    3Z-cembrene A
    —— harringtonine 62624-24-2 C28H37NO9
    harringtonine
    —— tert-butyl (7-oxoheptyl)carbamate 133728-25-3 C12H23NO3
    tert-butyl (7-oxoheptyl)carbamate
    —— cembrene 1898-13-1 C20H32
    cembrene
    —— β-Ethyl-aepfelsaeuredimethylester 344407-03-0 C8H14O5
    β-Ethyl-aepfelsaeuredimethylester
    —— tert-butyl[bis(2-methylphenyl)]phosphine 36228-06-5 C18H23P
    tert-butyl[bis(2-methylphenyl)]phosphine
    —— methyl 3-(piperidin-2-yl)propionate hydrochloride 1021204-94-3 C9H17NO2*ClH
    methyl 3-(piperidin-2-yl)propionate hydrochloride
    —— 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylic acid methyl ester 29096-99-9 C7H9NO3
    2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylic acid methyl ester
    —— (R)-(+)-2-bromohexanoic acid 616-05-7 C6H11BrO2
    (R)-(+)-2-bromohexanoic acid
    —— methyl 3-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)ethyl)benzoate 179003-02-2 C15H21NO4
    methyl 3-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)ethyl)benzoate
    —— 3-methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-hexa-2,5-dienoic acid 90-65-3 C8H10O4
    3-methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-hexa-2,5-dienoic acid
    —— magnesium;5-methylcyclopenta-1,3-diene;methylcyclopentane 40672-08-0 C12H14Mg-4
    magnesium;5-methylcyclopenta-1,3-diene;methylcyclopentane
    —— 2,6,2',6'-Tetraaminobiphenyl 51640-64-3 C12H14N4
    2,6,2',6'-Tetraaminobiphenyl
    —— Ethyl (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) carbonate 103497-00-3 C9H9NO6
    Ethyl (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) carbonate
    —— ethyl 7-hydroxy-2-ethylchromane-2-carboxylate 717901-09-2 C14H18O4
    ethyl 7-hydroxy-2-ethylchromane-2-carboxylate
    —— dimethyl(4-vinylphenyl)silane 4556-72-3 C10H14Si
    dimethyl(4-vinylphenyl)silane
    —— 2-(benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane 1444010-79-0 C15H19BO3
    2-(benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane
    —— cis-ϖ-Camphansaeure 465-48-5 C10H14O4
    cis-ϖ-Camphansaeure
    —— (1S)-(-)-camphanic acid 465-48-5 C10H14O4
    (1S)-(-)-camphanic acid
    —— bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid butyl ester 37981-18-3 C12H18O2
    bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid butyl ester
    —— (S)-2-hydroxy-1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone 119-52-8 C16H16O4
    (S)-2-hydroxy-1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone
    —— (R)-2-hydroxy-1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone 119-52-8 C16H16O4
    (R)-2-hydroxy-1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone
    —— (E)-3-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ol 689257-33-8 C10H11FO2
    (E)-3-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ol
    —— 5,5′-(anthracene-9,10-diylbis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))diisophthalic acid 1337923-87-1 C34H18O8
    5,5′-(anthracene-9,10-diylbis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))diisophthalic acid
    —— 5,8-dibromobenzo[c]phenanthrene 121012-73-5 C18H10Br2
    5,8-dibromobenzo[c]phenanthrene
    —— sodium 1-propanesulfonate 14533-63-2 C3H7O3S*Na
    sodium 1-propanesulfonate
    —— (R)-2-Hydroxy-butyric acid butyl ester 928835-95-4 C8H16O3
    (R)-2-Hydroxy-butyric acid butyl ester
    —— (naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)diphenylphosphine oxide 15374-44-4 C23H19OP
    (naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)diphenylphosphine oxide
    —— Phosphine oxide, dimethylnonyl- 56029-36-8 C11H25OP
    Phosphine oxide, dimethylnonyl-
    —— (1R,2S,4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine 32511-34-5 C10H19N
    (1R,2S,4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine
    —— tert-butyl (4R)-4-cyano-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate 1261034-35-8 C11H18N2O3
    tert-butyl (4R)-4-cyano-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate
    —— sodium 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinate 69152-35-8 C4H9O2S*Na
    sodium 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinate
    —— Carbonic acid 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl ester methyl ester 85055-93-2 C16H14O3
    Carbonic acid 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl ester methyl ester
    —— 4-Hydroxychalcone 20426-12-4 C15H12O2
    4-Hydroxychalcone
    —— 2,5-dichloro-3-cyano-6-methylpyridine 84703-17-3 C7H4Cl2N2
    2,5-dichloro-3-cyano-6-methylpyridine
    —— (1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,11E)-cembra-2,7,11-triene-4,6-diol 57605-81-9 C20H34O2
    (1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,11E)-cembra-2,7,11-triene-4,6-diol
    —— methyl 3-acetylindole-5-carboxylate 106896-59-7 C12H11NO3
    methyl 3-acetylindole-5-carboxylate
    —— diisopropyl p-vinylbenzylphosphonate 159358-34-6 C15H23O3P
    diisopropyl p-vinylbenzylphosphonate
    —— 3-(Bromomethyl)bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene 250337-98-5 C9H9Br
    3-(Bromomethyl)bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-triene