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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 化学试剂 有机试剂

    有机试剂

    从公元初到19世纪中叶，主要利用天然有机物（如动植物的提取液）进行定性或定量分析。自19世纪下半叶至20世纪20年代，开始有了人工合成的有机试剂，例如乙黄原酸钾用于检验镍、铜、钼；桑色素用于检测铝；重氮偶合反应用于检测亚硝酸根；α-亚硝基-β-萘酚用于检测钴；丁二肟用于检验镍等。30年代提出特效基团后，在50年代末又提出了分析功能团理论，人们为了寻找不同离子的特效分析功能团，进行了大量有机试剂筛选工作，合成了许多具有实用价值的试剂（如铜试剂、新铜试剂、镉试剂、铍试剂、钍试剂等）。在50年代以前，络合物主要用于二元螯合物沉淀反应的定性检出、沉淀分离和重量分析。从50至60年代初，以络合滴定法为主，自60年代后期开始重点转向光度分析，并发展了螯合物有机溶剂萃取技术。8-羟基喹啉、腙类、肟类、羟肟酸类、多元酚类、1,10-邻二氮菲类、磷氧类萃取剂、β-二酮类、三苯基甲烷类酸性染料、呫吨类和偶氮染料等各类试剂得到广泛应用。同时，有机试剂的结构理论研究（如电子效应、空间效应、取代基的影响）促进了新型有机试剂的开发，例如杂环偶氮类试剂。这一时期还发展了单偶氮变色酸类和双偶氮变色酸类试剂。70年代中期，吸附剂和螯合树脂得到迅速发展。80年代以来，中国分析化学工作者在不对称双偶氮变色酸类试剂的合成与应用方面也取得了成果。

    有机试剂广泛应用于分析化学领域，主要用于溶剂、沉淀剂、络合剂、指示剂、显色剂以及表面活性剂等方面。为了满足不同分析需求，有时需对某种试剂进行纯化处理，液体有机试剂常采用蒸馏法提纯，固体物质则通过结晶或升华方法纯化。具有高蒸气压的有机试剂通常采用常压蒸馏；而对于难挥发和微溶于水的有机试剂，则可使用减压蒸馏或水蒸气蒸馏。

    蒸馏法是实验室中常用的有机试剂纯化方法，常见的蒸馏装置包括蒸馏器、冷凝器和接受器三部分，辅助设备还包括加热器、温度计、接液管、软木塞等。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— (3S)-3-tert-butylhexanedionic acid 10347-88-3 C10H18O4
    (3S)-3-tert-butylhexanedionic acid
    —— (E)-9-oxabicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-ene 637-90-1 C8H12O
    (E)-9-oxabicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-ene
    —— methyl 2-(2-chlorobenzyloxy)-5-fluorobenzoate 391-92-4 C15H12ClFO3
    methyl 2-(2-chlorobenzyloxy)-5-fluorobenzoate
    —— kaurene 562-28-7 C20H32
    kaurene
    —— N<sup>α(1)</sup>-Benzyloxycarbonyl-N<sup>ε</sup>-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl-lysin-methylester 2389-49-3 C20H30N2O6
    N<sup>α(1)</sup>-Benzyloxycarbonyl-N<sup>ε</sup>-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl-lysin-methylester
    —— methyl 2-bromo-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylate 1283737-10-9 C8H6BrNO2S
    methyl 2-bromo-4H-thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylate
    —— methyl 2,5-difluoro-4-methylbenzoate 1355488-71-9 C9H8F2O2
    methyl 2,5-difluoro-4-methylbenzoate
    —— cis-syn-cis dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 17455-23-1 C24H44O8
    cis-syn-cis dicyclohexano-24-crown-8
    —— methyl allylglycinate hydrochloride 115289-55-9 C6H12NO2*Cl
    methyl allylglycinate hydrochloride
    —— methyl 3,5-dichloropyridine-2-carboxylate 5439-08-7 C7H5Cl2NO2
    methyl 3,5-dichloropyridine-2-carboxylate
    —— tert.-Butyl-thio-phosphonsaeuredichlorid 21187-18-8 C4H9Cl2PS
    tert.-Butyl-thio-phosphonsaeuredichlorid
    —— 5-methoxy-3-pentyn-1-ol 37083-58-2 C6H10O2
    5-methoxy-3-pentyn-1-ol
    —— methyl 7-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylate 940960-50-9 C10H8ClNO2
    methyl 7-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylate
    —— ((1r,4r)-4-methoxycyclohexyl)methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate 1067230-23-2 C15H22O4S
    ((1r,4r)-4-methoxycyclohexyl)methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate
    —— 10-methoxy-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxylic acid methyl ester 23495-64-9 C18H22N2O3
    10-methoxy-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxylic acid methyl ester
    —— 10-Methoxydihydrolysergsaeuremethylester 23495-64-9 C18H22N2O3
    10-Methoxydihydrolysergsaeuremethylester
    —— Phenyl-bis-(p-methoxy-carbonyl-phenyl)-phosphinoxid 47563-54-2 C22H19O5P
    Phenyl-bis-(p-methoxy-carbonyl-phenyl)-phosphinoxid
    —— (+/-)-4<i>t</i>-methyl-cyclohexane-1<i>r</i>,2<i>c</i>-dicarboxylic acid-anhydride 19438-60-9 C9H12O3
    (+/-)-4<i>t</i>-methyl-cyclohexane-1<i>r</i>,2<i>c</i>-dicarboxylic acid-anhydride
    —— (+/-)-4<i>c</i>-methyl-cyclohexane-1<i>r</i>,2<i>c</i>-dicarboxylic acid-anhydride 19438-60-9 C9H12O3
    (+/-)-4<i>c</i>-methyl-cyclohexane-1<i>r</i>,2<i>c</i>-dicarboxylic acid-anhydride
    —— (2E,4Z,6E)-7-(8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1-yl)-4-methoxy-6-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid 1246172-08-6 C21H22O5
    (2E,4Z,6E)-7-(8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1-yl)-4-methoxy-6-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienoic acid
    —— tert-butyl 5-benzyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate 132666-68-3 C17H24N2O2
    tert-butyl 5-benzyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate
    —— 8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane hydrochloride 6760-99-2 C7H13N*ClH
    8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane hydrochloride
    —— cholesteryl acetate 604-35-3 C29H48O2
    cholesteryl acetate
    —— endo-Norbornanol-(2)-formiat 41498-71-9 C8H12O2
    endo-Norbornanol-(2)-formiat
    —— endo-2-Formyloxy-norbornan 41498-71-9 C8H12O2
    endo-2-Formyloxy-norbornan
    —— 2'-cyano-4'-(ethylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate 1614246-81-9 C16H11F4NO5S2
    2'-cyano-4'-(ethylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate
    —— Praseodymium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate 52093-27-3 C3F9O9PrS3
    Praseodymium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate
    —— pyridin-4-yl(pyrrolidin-1-yl)methanethione 1429057-96-4 C10H12N2S
    pyridin-4-yl(pyrrolidin-1-yl)methanethione
    —— (Z)-2-(4'-methylphenyl)-3-N,N-dimethylaminopropenal 53868-45-4 C10H10O2
    (Z)-2-(4'-methylphenyl)-3-N,N-dimethylaminopropenal
    —— Methylazoxymethyl acetate 592-62-1 C4H8N2O3
    Methylazoxymethyl acetate
    —— Flavanone hydrazone 1692-46-2 C15H14N2O
    Flavanone hydrazone
    —— methyl 2,5-dioxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate 77959-75-2 C11H10O5
    methyl 2,5-dioxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate
    —— Phosphonic acid, di-9-octadecenyl ester 64051-29-2 C36H70O3P+
    Phosphonic acid, di-9-octadecenyl ester
    —— ethyl (Z)-11-eicosenoate 137202-21-2 C22H42O2
    ethyl (Z)-11-eicosenoate
    —— 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde 2-quinolylhydrazone 190437-40-2 C15H12N4
    2-pyridinecarbaldehyde 2-quinolylhydrazone
    —— 4-(3,3-Dimethylbicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-ylidene)-2-methyl-2-buten-1-ol 5503-13-9 C14H22O
    4-(3,3-Dimethylbicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-ylidene)-2-methyl-2-buten-1-ol
    —— 2-formylphenylboronic acid-<sup>10</sup>B 269727-10-8 C7H7BO3
    2-formylphenylboronic acid-<sup>10</sup>B
    —— beta-Cembrenediol 57605-81-9 C20H34O2
    beta-Cembrenediol
    —— ethyl (2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetate 131705-47-0 C11H13N3O2
    ethyl (2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetate
    —— methyl (6aR,9S)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxylate 5143-94-2 C17H20N2O2
    methyl (6aR,9S)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxylate
    —— (+)(S)-heptane-carboxylic acid-(3)-ethyl ester 2983-37-1 C10H20O2
    (+)(S)-heptane-carboxylic acid-(3)-ethyl ester
    —— (3-Brompropyl)triphenylphosphoniumbromid 3607-17-8 C21H21Br2P
    (3-Brompropyl)triphenylphosphoniumbromid
    —— ethyl isothiocyanato formate 16182-04-0 C4H5NO2S
    ethyl isothiocyanato formate
    —— Benzoxazolium, 3-ethyl-2-methyl-5-phenyl-, salt with 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (1:1) 63467-99-2 C23H23NO4S
    Benzoxazolium, 3-ethyl-2-methyl-5-phenyl-, salt with 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (1:1)
    —— tert-butyl (5-bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(tertbutoxycarbonyl)carbamate 1222105-50-1 C15H19BrF3N3O4
    tert-butyl (5-bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(tertbutoxycarbonyl)carbamate
    —— [(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]ammonium 78-96-6 C3H10NO+
    [(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]ammonium
    —— Citenazone 21512-15-2 C7H6N4S2
    Citenazone
    —— Sodium 2-methyl-2-propenesulfonate 1561-92-8 C4H8NaO3S+
    Sodium 2-methyl-2-propenesulfonate
    —— methyl 4-((E)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)vinyl)benzoate 683246-09-5 C15H18O4
    methyl 4-((E)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)vinyl)benzoate
    —— Nicotinaldehyde O-propyloxime 6267-23-8 C9H12N2O
    Nicotinaldehyde O-propyloxime