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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 生物化工 氨基酸及其衍生物

    氨基酸及其衍生物

    氨基酸及其衍生物是分子中同时含有氨基和羧基的一类化合物，在生物体内以游离或结合状态存在。游离氨基酸广泛分布于动物细胞及体液内，而结合氨基酸主要是构成蛋白质及肽的基本组成成分。

    天然氨基酸通常为无色结晶物质，熔点较高，大多在200℃以上。它们容易溶于水，但难溶于非极性有机溶剂；其中，酪氨酸和胱氨酸不易溶于水，脯氨酸和羧脯氨酸能溶于乙醇和乙醚。所有氨基酸都能溶解于强酸或强碱溶液中。

    根据α-氨基酸侧链R基团的极性性质，构成蛋白质的20种常见氨基酸可以分为四组：

    1. 非极性的R基：共有8种，包括5种带有脂肪族侧链的氨基酸（丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸和脯氨酸），以及芳香族氨基酸苯丙氨酸和色氨酸，还有一种含硫氨基酸甲硫氨酸。这一类氨基酸在水中的溶解度小于极性R基氨基酸；值得注意的是，脯氨酸是通过α-氨基酸上的侧链取代了一个氢原子形成的，实际上是一种亚氨基酸。

    2. 有极性的非电荷R基：共有7种，它们的特征是侧链带有羟基（丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸），巯基半胱氨酸，酰胺基谷氨酰胺和天冬酰胺，以及甘氨酸。这一类氨基酸由于侧链中含有的不解离极性基团能与水形成氢键而较易溶于水中。

    3. 带正电荷的R基：共有3种，即赖氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸，在pH7.0时携带正电荷，被称为碱性氨基酸。

    4. 带负电荷的R基：共有2种，谷氨酸和天冬氨酸在pH7.0时分子带负电荷，称为酸性氨基酸。这20种氨基酸的结构式、缩写符号及有关常数详见下表。

    除了上述20种常见的氨基酸外，二碘酪氨酸、甲状腺素、羟脯氨酸和羟赖氨酸等也存在于某些蛋白质中。除了构成动物机体及其产品蛋白质的20种氨基酸之外，在各种组织和细胞中还发现了200多种其他氨基酸，这些大多是α-氨基酸的衍生物，包括β-、γ-或δ-氨基酸以及D型氨基酸如β-丙氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等。

    在自然界中，至今已发现近200种非构成蛋白质的氨基酸，其中大部分出现在植物界，并具有复杂的分子结构，与蛋白质代谢无关。此外，在某些动物体内发现有特殊蛋白质中的氨基酸经化学修饰形成，例如胶原蛋白含有的脯氨酸及赖氨酸部分再羟化成羟脯氨酸和羟赖氨酸；肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白含有的赖氨酸及组氨酸中有一小部分分别被甲基化为εN-甲基赖氨酸及3N-甲基组氨酸。还有在组蛋白内发现有赖氨酸的端氨基乙酰化以及丝氨酸的OH基磷酸化；甲腺球蛋白含有碘化酪氨酸和碘化甲腺原氨酸；τ球蛋白重链及某些蛋白质的N末端由谷氨酰胺形成焦谷氨酸；一般蛋白质中还存在二分子半胱氨酸形成的胱氨酸。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-3-aminium 184637-48-7 C10H21N2O2+
    1-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-3-aminium
    —— 3-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)propanoate 220497-68-7 C24H19BrNO4-
    3-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)propanoate
    —— 2-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-3-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)propanoate 119434-75-2 C11H15N2O4S-
    2-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-3-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)propanoate
    —— (R)-2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid 204322-23-6 C27H22N2O4
    (R)-2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid
    —— 2-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-3-(pyridin-4-yl)propanoate 37535-58-3 C13H17N2O4-
    2-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-3-(pyridin-4-yl)propanoate
    —— 2-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-3-(2-methylphenyl)propanoate 139558-50-2 C15H20NO4-
    2-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-3-(2-methylphenyl)propanoate
    —— 2-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)propanoatato 205528-32-1 C21H17N2O4S-
    2-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)propanoatato
    —— 3-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)propanoate 198561-04-5 C24H19BrNO4-
    3-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)propanoate
    —— 3-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-{[tert-butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}propanoate 62129-39-9 C14H17BrNO4-
    3-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-{[tert-butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}propanoate
    —— (2R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(2-pyridyl)propanoate 98266-32-1 C13H17N2O4-
    (2R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(2-pyridyl)propanoate
    —— 4-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate 151907-79-8 C11H16NO4-
    4-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate
    —— 2-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)propanoatato 130309-35-2 C22H18NO4S-
    2-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)propanoatato
    —— (2R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propanoate 114873-13-1 C14H16Cl2NO4-
    (2R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propanoate
    —— 2-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-hydroxypropanoate 73724-45-5 C18H16NO5
    2-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-hydroxypropanoate
    —— (2S)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]propanoate 114873-04-0 C14H16Cl2NO4-
    (2S)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]propanoate
    —— 5-tert-Butoxy-2-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-5-oxopentanoate 204251-24-1 C24H26NO6-
    5-tert-Butoxy-2-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-5-oxopentanoate
    —— 3-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)propanoate 374791-01-2 C24H19N2O6-
    3-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)propanoate
    —— 2-{1-Benzyl-2-[tert-butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]hydrazinyl}-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate 188777-50-6 C23H26N3O4-
    2-{1-Benzyl-2-[tert-butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]hydrazinyl}-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate
    —— 2-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-3-(furan-2-yl)propanoate 145206-40-2 C12H16NO5-
    2-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}-3-(furan-2-yl)propanoate
    —— Boc-D-alpha-(5-bromothienyl)alanine 261380-16-9 C12H15BrNO4S-
    Boc-D-alpha-(5-bromothienyl)alanine
    —— 3-(2-Bromophenyl)-2-{[tert-butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}propanoate 261360-76-3 C14H17BrNO4-
    3-(2-Bromophenyl)-2-{[tert-butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}propanoate
    —— 3-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-phenylpropanoate 209252-15-3 C24H20NO4-
    3-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)-3-phenylpropanoate
    —— 3-(5-Bromothiophen-2-yl)-2-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)propanoate 220497-50-7 C22H17BrNO4S-
    3-(5-Bromothiophen-2-yl)-2-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)propanoate
    —— 1-Hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butan-2-aminium 87206-44-8 C5H14NOS+
    1-Hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butan-2-aminium
    —— (2R,4R)-2-azaniumyl-4-methylpentanedioate 166756-77-0 C6H10NO4-
    (2R,4R)-2-azaniumyl-4-methylpentanedioate
    —— 1-Carboxy-4-(N'-methylcarbamimidamido)butan-1-aminium 137694-75-8 C7H17N4O2+
    1-Carboxy-4-(N'-methylcarbamimidamido)butan-1-aminium
    —— 3-(Benzyloxy)-2-{[tert-butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}propanoate 47173-80-8 C15H20NO5-
    3-(Benzyloxy)-2-{[tert-butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}propanoate
    —— (R)-2-((Tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-YL)propanoate 50654-94-9 C11H16N3O4-
    (R)-2-((Tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(1H-imidazol-5-YL)propanoate
    —— 3-(4-Cyanophenyl)-2-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)propanoate 205526-34-7 C25H19N2O4-
    3-(4-Cyanophenyl)-2-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)propanoate
    —— Fmoc-D-2-pyridylalanine 185379-39-9 C23H19N2O4-
    Fmoc-D-2-pyridylalanine
    —— 1-Benzyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydroisonicotinic acid ethyl ester 130309-33-0 C25H20NO4-
    1-Benzyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydroisonicotinic acid ethyl ester
    —— 2-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)benzoate 150256-42-1 C22H16NO4-
    2-({[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy](hydroxy)methylidene}amino)benzoate
    —— (2R)-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-3-(3-fluorophenyl)propanoate 198545-72-1 C24H19FNO4-
    (2R)-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-3-(3-fluorophenyl)propanoate
    —— 1-Hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-aminium 2899-30-1 C11H15N2O+
    1-Hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-aminium
    —— 3-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}benzoate 111331-82-9 C12H14NO4-
    3-{[tert-Butoxy(hydroxy)methylidene]amino}benzoate
    —— 1-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-aminium 40829-04-7 C9H14NO2+
    1-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-aminium
    —— 3-Aminopyridine-4-carboxylate 7579-20-6 C6H5N2O2-
    3-Aminopyridine-4-carboxylate
    —— 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-ethoxy-1-oxopropan-2-aminium 52031-05-7 C11H15ClNO2+
    3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-ethoxy-1-oxopropan-2-aminium
    —— 1-Hydroxy-1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)imino]propan-2-aminium 74144-49-3 C13H15N2O+
    1-Hydroxy-1-[(naphthalen-2-yl)imino]propan-2-aminium
    —— 2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate 78879-20-6 C15H18NO4-
    2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate
    —— 2-amino-N-(4-methyl-2-oxo-chromen-7-yl)propanamide; 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid 96594-10-4 C13H15N2O3+
    2-amino-N-(4-methyl-2-oxo-chromen-7-yl)propanamide; 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid
    —— 2-[(Benzyloxy)carbonyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate 79261-58-8 C18H16NO4-
    2-[(Benzyloxy)carbonyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate
    —— methylselenocysteine 26046-90-2 C4H9NO2Se
    methylselenocysteine
    —— Sodium 1-hexadecanoyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate 58725-33-0 C21H36NNaO4
    Sodium 1-hexadecanoyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate
    —— alpha,4-Dinitrophenylalanine 49607-21-8 C9H9N3O6
    alpha,4-Dinitrophenylalanine
    —— Pelitrexol 446022-33-9 C20H25N5O6S
    Pelitrexol
    —— Sodium (Z)-N-methyl-N-(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)aminoacetate 14351-62-3 C21H38NNaO3
    Sodium (Z)-N-methyl-N-(1-oxo-9-octadecenyl)aminoacetate
    —— potassium 2-[[(Z)-3-ethoxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-prop-1-enyl]amino]-2-phenyl-acetate 961-69-3 C14H16KNO4
    potassium 2-[[(Z)-3-ethoxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-prop-1-enyl]amino]-2-phenyl-acetate
    —— (2S)-2-amino-3-[4-[2-amino-6-[(1R)-1-[4-chloro-2-(3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy]pyrimidin-4-yl]phenyl]propanoic acid;2-benzamidoacetic acid 1137608-69-5 C34H31ClF3N7O6
    (2S)-2-amino-3-[4-[2-amino-6-[(1R)-1-[4-chloro-2-(3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy]pyrimidin-4-yl]phenyl]propanoic acid;2-benzamidoacetic acid
    —— Potassium magnesium aspartate 67528-13-6 C16H24K2MgN4O16
    Potassium magnesium aspartate