京尼平的制备方法通常是从栀子中提取京尼平苷,然后通过β-葡萄糖苷酶水解、乙醚萃取、真空浓缩以及重结晶而得到。此外,也可以采用微生物转化法进行制备。
生物活性Genipin((+)-Genipin)是一种源自栀子果实的天然交联剂。其具有多种生物活性,包括蛋白质调节、抗肿瘤、抗炎、免疫抑制、抗血栓形成以及对海马神经元的保护作用。此外,它还被用于2型糖尿病的研究。
体外研究Genipin在胰岛细胞中增加了线粒体膜电位,提升了ATP水平,并闭合了KATP通道,促进了胰岛素分泌。通过过度激活c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)并导致胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)的丝氨酸磷酸化,Genipin抑制了胰岛素信号传导途径,从而损害了3T3-L1脂肪细胞中由胰岛素刺激引起的葡萄糖摄取。此外,Genipin激活了IRS-1、PI3-K以及下游信号通路,并增加了钙离子浓度,在C2C12肌管中促进了葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)的转位和葡萄糖摄取增加。
在FaO细胞中,Genipin显著提高了细胞质中的细胞色素c含量。活化的半胱天冬酶-3和半胱天冬酶-7最终导致了肝癌细胞凋亡过程的发生。在200 μM浓度下,Genipin处理的Hep3B细胞中,氧化应激水平明显增加。
化学性质京尼平是一种白色结晶粉末,可溶于甲醇、乙醇和DMSO等有机溶剂,来源于栀子果实。
用途京尼平对胃机能具有抗胆碱性抑制作用,并具备抗癌和保护肝脏的功能。此外,它作为一种天然的交联剂从栀子果实中提取得到,能够防止脂质过氧化和一氧化氮的生成。京尼平还能保护海马神经元免受阿尔茨海默氏病β淀粉样蛋白的毒性影响,并具有抗炎和抗血管生成作用,可用于药物递送系统的研究。
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 分子量 |
---|---|---|---|---|
京尼平甙 | geniposide | 24512-63-8 | C17H24O10 | 388.372 |
—— | geniposide | 24512-63-8 | C17H24O10 | 388.372 |
—— | genipin 1-O-β-D-isomaltoside | 1174680-01-3 | C23H34O15 | 550.514 |
—— | genipin 1,10-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | —— | C23H34O15 | 550.514 |
中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 分子量 |
---|---|---|---|---|
—— | methyl genipin | 69977-52-2 | C12H16O5 | 240.256 |
—— | methyl 7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methoxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate | 1245025-97-1 | C12H16O5 | 240.256 |
—— | 10-acetic acid-genipin | 62218-51-3 | C13H16O6 | 268.266 |
—— | 1-ethyloxygenipin | 1245025-98-2 | C13H18O5 | 254.283 |
—— | 1-propyloxygenipin | 1245026-00-9 | C14H20O5 | 268.31 |
—— | methyl (1R,4aS,7aS)-1-Hydroxy-7-((pivaloyloxy)-methyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate | —— | C16H22O6 | 310.347 |
—— | methyl (4aS,7aS)-7-formyl-1-hydroxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta |
224177-02-0 | C11H12O5 | 224.213 |
—— | (1S,4aS,7aS)-methyl 7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropoxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate | 1245026-09-8 | C14H20O5 | 268.31 |
—— | 1R-O-isopropylgenipin | 1245026-07-6 | C14H20O5 | 268.31 |
—— | 1-tertbutyloxygenipin | 1245026-06-5 | C15H22O5 | 282.337 |
—— | methyl (1S,7S,11S)-2,10-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undeca-4,8-diene-8-carboxylate | 780760-88-5 | C11H12O4 | 208.214 |
—— | genipin diacetate | 109476-16-6 | C15H18O7 | 310.304 |
—— | (1R,4aS,7aS)-methyl 7-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1-hydroxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate | 122616-16-4 | C17H28O5Si | 340.492 |
—— | 1-benzyloxygenipin | 206755-40-0 | C18H20O5 | 316.354 |
—— | genipin monosilyl ether | 116287-88-8 | C17H28O5Si | 340.492 |
—— | methyl (1S,4aS,7aS)-1-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-<(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl>-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta |
122616-17-5 | C23H42O5Si2 | 454.754 |
—— | genipin 1-O-α-L-rhamnoside | —— | C17H24O9 | 372.372 |
京尼平甙 | geniposide | 24512-63-8 | C17H24O10 | 388.372 |
—— | (2aS,4aS,7aS,7bS)-methyl 2a,3,4,4a,7a,7b-hexahydro-2H-1,7-dioxacyclopent[cd]indene-5-carboxylate | 1403474-54-3 | C11H14O4 | 210.23 |
—— | (4aS,7aS)-methyl 7-formyl-1-oxo-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate | 1354029-79-0 | C11H10O5 | 222.197 |
—— | methyl (2S,2aR,4aS,7aR,7bS)-2-hydroxy-2a,3,4,4a,7a,7b-hexahydro-2H-1,7-dioxacyclopent |
148680-27-7 | C11H14O5 | 226.229 |
—— | methyl (2S,2aR,4aS,7aR,7bS)-2a,3,4,4a,7a,7b-hexahydro-2-methoxy-2H-1,7-dioxacyclopent |
148680-28-8 | C12H16O5 | 240.256 |
—— | methyl (1S,5S,6S,9S)-1-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-6-hydroxy-8-hydroxymethyl-2-oxabicyclo<4.3.0>nona-3,7-diene-4-carboxylate | 144582-78-5 | C17H28O6Si | 356.491 |
—— | methyl (1S,5S,6R,9S)-1-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-6-hydroxy-8-hydroxymethyl-2-oxabicyclo<4.3.0>nona-3,7-diene-4-carboxylate | 144664-38-0 | C17H28O6Si | 356.491 |
—— | Cyclopenta(c)pyran-4-carboxylic acid, 1,4a,7,7a-tetrahydro-1,7-dihydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-, methyl ester, (1R-(1alpha,4aalpha,7beta,7aalpha))- | 94992-54-8 | C11H14O6 | 242.229 |
—— | methyl (1S,5S,6S,9S)-1-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-8-<(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)methyl>-6-hydroxy-2-oxabicyclo<4.3.0>nona-3,7-diene-4-carboxylate | 144582-79-6 | C23H42O6Si2 | 470.754 |
—— | (4aS,7aS)-methyl 7-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1-oxo-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate | 135792-09-5 | C17H26O5Si | 338.476 |
—— | (1S,5S,6S,9S)-1-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-8-<(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)methyl>-6-hydroxy-2-oxabicyclo<4.3.0>nona-3,7-diene-4-carboxylic acid | 144582-80-9 | C22H40O6Si2 | 456.727 |
—— | (1S,5S,6S,9S)-1-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-6-hydroxy-8-hydroxymethyl-2-oxabicyclo<4.3.0>nona-3,7-diene-4-carboxylic acid lactone | 154307-76-3 | C16H24O5Si | 324.449 |
—— | (1S,5S,6S,9S)-1-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-8-<(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)methyl>-6-hydroxy-2-oxabicyclo<4.3.0>nona-3,7-diene-4-carboxylic acid lactone | 144582-81-0 | C22H38O5Si2 | 438.712 |
—— | (3E)-1-[(1S,4aS,7aS)-1-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-yl]-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-2-one | 176253-96-6 | C26H42O4Si | 446.703 |
—— | [(1S,4aS,7aS)-1-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy-7-[[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxymethyl]-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-yl]methyl methanesulfonate | 122616-20-0 | C23H44O6SSi2 | 504.836 |
—— | (2S,2aR,4aS,7aR,7bS)-5-(acetoxymethyl)-2a,3,4,4a,7a,7b-hexahydro-2-methoxy-2H-1,7-dioxacyclopent |
148680-30-2 | C13H18O5 | 254.283 |
—— | methyl (1S,5S,8S,9S)-1-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-8-<(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)methyl>-8-hydroxy-2-oxabicyclo<4.3.0>nona-3,6-diene-4-carboxylate | 144582-74-1 | C23H42O6Si2 | 470.754 |
—— | methyl (1S,5S,7S,8R,9S)-1-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-8-<(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)methyl>-7,8-dihydroxy-2-oxabicyclo<4.3.0>non-3-ene-4-carboxylate | 144582-76-3 | C23H44O7Si2 | 488.769 |
—— | (2S,2aR,4aS,7aR,7bS)-2a,3,4,4a,7a,7b-hexahydro-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methoxy-2H-1,7-dioxacyclopent |
148680-29-9 | C11H16O4 | 212.246 |