FOLLOWING ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF 3,4-DICHLORONITROBENZENE TO PIGEONS, ANALYSIS OF EXCREMENT SHOWED THAT DCNB IS MAINLY METABOLIZED BY REDUCTION OF THE NITRO GROUP WITH VERY LITTLE FORMATION OF MERCAPTURIC ACID.
WHEN THE DRUG METABOLIZING POTENTIALS OF LUNG AND LIVER WERE COMPARED OF 4 TRANSFERASE, THE ACTIVITIES IN THE LUNG WERE GENERALLY LESS THAN THE ACTIVITIES IN THE LIVER. THE ACTIVITY OF GLUTATHIONE S-ARYLTRANSFERASE TOWARD 1,2-DICHLORO-4-NITROBENZENE IN THE LUNG WAS APPROXIMATELY 20% THAT IN THE LIVER.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
观察到大鼠肝脏含有一个酶,该酶催化谷胱甘肽与3,4-二氯硝基苯的结合,并失去硝基团。
Observed that rat liver contains an enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione and 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene with loss of the nitro group.
Female rats were dosed by oral intubation with 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene at 500 mg/kg. Six hr after dosing, liver glutathione had decreased to 56% of controls. Blood glutathione although increased by 18%, was not considered to be significantly changed. The effect on liver glutathione was related to formation of mercapturic acid during metabolism.
Human Health: 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and although there are some species differences in experimental animals from the available data it can be concluded that 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene is excreted mainly via urine in the form of the mercapturic acid derivative N-acetyl-S-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-Lcysteine. ... Based on the results of the acute dermal toxicity study with rats the LD50 is > 2000 mg/kg bw. From studies with rabbits no LD50 could be derived, the lowest Lethal Dose Level (LDLo) was 950 mg/kg bw. The acute oral toxicity in rats ranges from 625 to 950 mg/kg bw. 1,2-Dichloro-4- nitrobenzene causes the formation of methemoglobin. ... 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene gave no skin irritation effects when tested for 4 hours under semiocclusive conditions ... and showed slightly irritating effects, which disappeared within 72 hours under occlusive conditions ... 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene is slightly irritating to the eyes /but/ ... was not found to induce dermal sensitization ... . In addition, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene was not found to induce dermal sensitization in humans in a limited study. The main targets identified in animal studies after repeated oral administration as well as after inhalation exposure are the hematological system and in addition the kidneys after oral application and the liver after inhalation. From a 28- day oral study ... a NOAEL of 4 mg/kg bw/day was derived. The NOAEL following subchronic inhalation exposure study of limited validity (limited documentation) was 0.4 mg/cu m (4 hours per day). Changes in hematological parameters (e.g. methemoglobinaemia, Heinz bodies) are the main target in the only available report on exposure of workers. As these findings relate to mixed exposures they cannot be clearly attributed to 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, but would be plausible, because they were also observed in animal experiments. In the recent open literature reports of human poisoning could not be identified. 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene exhibits mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium but not in the HPRT test in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene induced chromosomal aberrations in V79 cells with metabolic activation only at the highest concentration, which was cytotoxic. In insects (Drosophila melanogaster) 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene revealed no mutagenic activity in the SLRL-test after application over 3 days with slight increased toxicity, but revealed mutagenic activity following a single ip injection of a clearly toxic dose. 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene showed no clastogenic activity in vivo in a chromosomal aberrations test with rats. Overall in non-toxic doses, there was no evidence for genotoxicity in vivo under the conditions tested. Studies dealing specifically with toxicity to reproduction were not identified. The subacute study with 1,2-dichloro-4- nitrobenzene yielded no damage of the reproductive organs in rats despite clear systemic toxicity up to the maximum tolerated dose of 100 mg/kg bw. 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene commercial grade (85% 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene and 15% 1,2-dichloro-3- nitrobenzene) caused effects on development at maternally toxic doses probably due to methemoglobinemia in dams and fetuses. A significant dose-response trend for variations (dilated ureters) was seen in the fetuses of the >= 30 mg/kg bw/day-groups and significant reduced body weight gain of dams at dose levels of 30 mg/kg bw/day on gd 6-10 with an even stronger effect at 100 mg/kg bw/day. Thus, 10 mg/kg bw/day was determined as the NOAEL for maternal and developmental toxicity. Environment: ... Concerning the acute toxicity of 1.2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene towards aquatic species reliable experimental results of tests with fish, Daphnia, and algae are available. The acute toxicity determined for fish (Leuciscus idus) was of 3.1 mg/L (48 hr LC50) ... and Daphnia (Daphnia magna) of 3 mg/L (24 hr-EC50) ... . In the growth inhibition test with algae (Scenedesmus obliquus) the value 5.8 mg/L was achieved after 48 hr (48 hr-ErC50)... . For the algae Chlorella fusca a value of 0.32 mg/L was found after 24 hr (24 hr-ErC50). In a chronic (21 d) study with Daphnia magna a NOEC of 0.025 mg/L was determined for the most sensitive endpoint reproduction rate. An ErC10 > 0.1 mg/L was reported for the algae Scenedesmus subspicatus after 48 hours. For terrestrial organisms the lowest measured 6d-EC50 was 27 mg/L for the plant Phaseolus aureus. Applying an assessment factor of 50 to the lowest available chronic value of 25 ug/L (21d reproduction in D. magna), a PNECaqua of 0.5 ug/lL is obtained.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
暴露途径
该物质可以通过摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
吸入症状
咳嗽。
Cough.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
眼睛症状
红色。
Redness.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
副作用
职业性肝毒素 - 第二性肝毒素:在职业环境中的毒性效应潜力是基于人类摄入或动物实验的中毒案例。
Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
In rats about 19 % (range 4 - 29 %) of the applied dose (approx. 350 mg/kg bw via gavage) was excreted as mercapturic acid via urine within 24 hrs. In a second trial the animals were dosed with approximately 250 or 350 mg/kg bw and the maximum rate for excretion of mercapturic acid via urine 2 - 6 days after dosing was given with approx 2 or 4 mg/kg bw/hr, resp.
In rabbits dosed orally with 400 mg/kg bw via gavage most of the applied dose was excreted via urine within 72 hrs as mercapturic acid derivative N-acetyl-S-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-L-cysteine (approx. 45 %) followed by conjugates of amino dichlorophenols (approx 13 % as glucuronide and approx. 12 % as sulfate ester)and 3,4-dichloroaniline (approx. 22 %).
A Pd/C catalyzed reductive carbonylation of nitroarenes for the synthesis of unsymmetricalureas has been developed. Using inexpensive and stable nitroarenes as the substrates, a series of unsymmetricalureas were produced in moderate to good yields. A range of functional groups including thioethers, halides and vinyl were compatible with this reaction. As a heterogeneous catalyst, Pd/C was recycled
Nickel-ironmixedoxidepreparedfrom a nickel-ironhydrotalciteprecursor was found to be a highly efficientcatalyst for the chemoselective reduction of nitroarenes under mild reaction conditions.
发现由镍铁水滑石前体制备的镍铁混合氧化物是在温和的反应条件下化学选择性还原硝基芳烃的高效催化剂。
Highly efficient metal-free one-pot synthesis of <font>α</font>-aminophosphonates through reduction followed by Kabachnik–fields reaction using three-component system
ABSTRACT One-potsynthesis of α-aminophosphonates directly from aryl nitro compounds, aldehydes/ketones, and diethyl phosphite using sodium dithionite through reduction and followed by Kabachnik–Fields reaction under metal-free conditions is reported. The major advantages are excellent yield, high chemoselectivity, neutral reaction medium, and simple experimental procedure. This methodology consists
Silver Nanoparticles Engineered β-Cyclodextrin/γ-Fe2O3@ Hydroxyapatite Composite: Efficient, Green and Magnetically Retrievable Nanocatalyst for the Aqueous Reduction of Nitroarenes
作者:Maedeh Azaroon、Ali Reza Kiasat
DOI:10.1007/s10562-017-2272-5
日期:2018.2
γ-Fe2O3@HAp-CD.Ag was conveniently synthesized via the grafting of β-cyclodextrin moieties on the hydroxyapatite surface, followed by reacting of the nanocomposite, γ-Fe2O3, with silver nitrate and then its reduction with sodiumborohydride. The cavity of β-cyclodextrin units as host material can stabilize the Ag nanoparticles (particles size: 12–14 nm) effectively and prevent their aggregation and separation from
Specific ortho orientation in the vicarious substitution of hydrogen in aromatic nitro compounds with carbanion of chloromethyl phenyl sulfone
作者:M. Makosza、T. Glinka、A. Kinowski
DOI:10.1016/s0040-4020(01)91141-x
日期:1984.1
Vicariousnucleophilic substitution of hydrogen atoms in nitroarenes with chloromethylphenyl sulfone proceeds selectively ortho to the nitro group when carried out in t-BuOK/THF base/solvent system. In the majority of 3-substituted nitrobenzene derivatives substitution occurs at the most hindered position 2. These conditions offer an efficient method of synthesis of 2,6 and 2,3-disubstituted nitrobenzene