化学性质:硝酸是一种强酸,遇光和空气部分会分解。加热时,它会分解生成一氧化氮和氧气。稀硝酸相对稳定,在0℃、阴暗环境下不会发生分解;而浓硝酸具有较强的氧化性,其标准氧化电位较高。
硫、磷在硝酸作用下可转化为硫酸和磷酸,并能溶解多种金属形成相应的硝酸盐溶液。铁、铬、铝等在浓硝酸中会钝化而不反应,但可溶于稀硝酸;锡、锑、钼生成不溶性氧化物,而金、铂则不会与硝酸发生反应。此外,硝酸还能与多种有机化合物进行硝化或氧化反应,形成硝基化合物或氧化产物。
稳定性:硝酸较为稳定(参考[12])。
禁配物质:避免接触还原剂、碱类、醇类、碱金属、铜、胺类、金属粉末、电石、硫化氢、松节油,以及可燃物如糖、纤维素、木屑、棉花、稻草或废纱头等(参考[13])。
聚合危害:不会发生聚合反应(参考[14])。
分解产物:分解时会产生氮氧化物(参考[15])。
国标编号: | |
CAS: | 7697-37-2 |
中文名称: | 硝酸 |
英文名称: | Nitric acid |
别 名: | 氢氮水;硝强水;Aqua fortis;Hydrogen nitrate;Azotic acid |
分子式: | HNO 3 |
分子量: | 63.0 |
熔 点: | -41.59℃,沸 点:83℃ |
密 度: | 1.41(20℃)(68%硝酸) |
蒸汽压: | |
溶解性: | |
稳定性: | 遇潮气或受热分解而成有刺鼻臭味的二氧化氮 |
外观与性状: | 透明、无色或带黄色有独特的窒息性气味的腐蚀性液体 |
危险标记: | |
用 途: | 是一种用途极广的重要化工原料之一 |
Depression is one of the most prevalent disorders in the general population, causing personal and social disability and impairment. Major studies assessing the diagnosis and management of depression have shown that it is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. A pan-European study aimed at assessing the extent and consequences of depression in six different countries is reported in this article. Different types of depressive profiles are analyzed and their respective management has been compared. The importance of improving diagnosis and treatment of depression is underlined. Appropriate management of depression depends on the recognition of depressive symptoms by patients, their possibility of seeking care, and the ability of the primary care physician to recognize the disorder and prescribe the appropriate medicines. Improvement in all of these fields is necessary.