虾青素 | 472-61-7

• 物质功能分类: 食品添加剂 - 营养强化剂 - 维生素类
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 脂质和类脂质分子 - 异戊烯醇脂质
• 中文名称: 虾青素
• 中文别名: 3,3'-二羟基-β,β-胡萝卜素-4,4'-二酮；3,3'-二羟基-4,4'-二酮基-β,β'-胡萝卜素醇；(3S,3’S)-3,3’-二羟基-β,β-胡萝卜素-4,4’-二酮；3,3'-二羟基-beta,beta-胡萝卜素-4,4'-二酮；天然虾青素；3,3'-二羟基-4,4'-二酮基-Β,Β'-胡萝卜素醇；(3S,3'S)-3,3'-二羟基-β,β-胡萝卜素-4,4'-二酮
• 英文名称: (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin
• 英文别名: astaxanthin；3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β'-carotene-4,4'-dione；astaxanthine；trans-astaxanthin；3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione；(3S,3′S)-astaxanthin；ASTX；AST；ATX；AXT；3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β′-carotene-4,4′-dione；all-trans astaxanthin；(all E)-astaxanthin；(6S)-6-hydroxy-3-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-18-[(4S)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-3-oxocyclohexen-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-2,4,4-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one
• CAS: 472-61-7
• 化学式: C₄₀H₅₂O₄
• 分子量: 596.85
• InChiKey: MQZIGYBFDRPAKN-UWFIBFSHSA-N

物化性质

• 熔点：
  215-216 °C
• 沸点：
  568.55°C (rough estimate)
• 密度：
  0.9980 (rough estimate)
• 溶解度：
  DMSO：可溶，1mg/mL（加热）
• LogP：
  8.163 (est)
• 物理描述：
  Solid
• 颜色/状态：
  Needles from acetone/light petroleum
• 稳定性/保质期：

  按规格使用和贮存，不会发生分解。应避免与氧化物接触。

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  10.3
• 重原子数：
  44
• 可旋转键数：
  10
• 环数：
  2.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.4
• 拓扑面积：
  74.6
• 氢给体数：
  2
• 氢受体数：
  4

ADMET

代谢

一顿强制喂食的餐食中包含了标记的（14）C-虾青素和（3）H-角黄素或（3）H-玉米黄素，被喂给了八条成熟的雌性虹鳟鱼。在测试餐食摄入后的九十六小时，将鱼杀死并解剖出肝脏、皮肤、肌肉和卵巢。虾青素在肌肉中的积累略多于角黄素，但在所有组织中虾青素和角黄素的浓度都显著高于玉米黄素。（3）H-玉米黄素的代谢物仅在肝脏中发现，而（14）C-辣椒红素是来自（14）C-虾青素的唯一检测到的代谢色素，并存在于所有被调查的组织中。（3）H-虾青素在所有虹鳟鱼的肝脏中发现，表明（3）H-角黄素和（3）H-玉米黄素是虾青素的前体，并且鲑科鱼类可能拥有至今未知的类胡萝卜素氧化途径。标记的视黄醇1和视黄醇2仅在肝脏中被检测到，而（3）H-玉米黄素在很大程度上是这两种维生素A形式的主要前体。

One force-fed meal containing labelled (14)C-astaxanthin and (3)H-canthaxanthin or (3)H-zeaxanthin was given to eight mature female rainbow trout. Ninety-six hours after the test meal ingestion, trout were killed and liver, skin, muscle and ovaries were dissected out. Astaxanthin accumulated slightly more in muscle than canthaxanthin but in all tissues astaxanthin and canthaxanthin were very significantly more concentrated than zeaxanthin. (3)H-zeaxanthin metabolites were found only in the liver, whereas (14)C-phoenicoxanthin was the only metabolic pigment from (14)C-astaxanthin detected and was found in all investigated tissues. (3)H-astaxanthin was found in the liver of all trout indicating that (3)H-canthaxanthin and (3)H-zeaxanthin were astaxanthin precursors, and that salmonids probably possess carotenoid oxidative pathways unknown until now. Labelled retinol1 and retinol2 were detected only in the liver and (3)H-zeaxanthin was largely the predominant precursor of these two vitamin A forms.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

代谢

饲料摄入量、生长速率和温度（8℃和12℃）对大西洋鲑鱼表观消化系数（ADC）、血吸虫中个别虾青素E/Z异构体的吸收以及虾青素（3,3'-二羟基-β,β-胡萝卜素-4,4'-二酮）代谢的影响已确定。血浆中玉米黄质（3,4,3'-三羟基-β,β-胡萝卜素-4-酮）的积累用于指示虾青素的代谢转化。

The effects of feed intake, growth rate and temperature (8 and 12 degrees C) on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), blood uptake of individual astaxanthin E/Z isomers and metabolism of astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) were determined in Atlantic salmon. Accumulation of idoxanthin (3,4,3'-trihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4-one) in plasma was used to indicate metabolic transformation of astaxanthin.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

本研究探讨了从突变株Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous中提取的虾青素对大鼠乙醇诱导的胃黏膜损伤的体内保护作用。在大鼠接受80%乙醇处理3天之前，先用两种剂量的虾青素（分别为5毫克/千克体重和25毫克/千克体重）预处理3天，而对照组的大鼠仅接受80%乙醇处理3天。口服虾青素（5毫克/千克体重和25毫克/千克体重）显著防止了乙醇诱导的胃损伤，并抑制了胃黏膜中脂质过氧化物水平的升高。此外，虾青素预处理显著增加了自由基清除酶，如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性。组织学检查清楚地表明，经虾青素预处理后，乙醇诱导的急性胃黏膜损伤几乎消失。

The present study investigated the in vivo protective effect of astaxanthin isolated from the Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous mutant against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. The rats were treated with 80% ethanol for 3 d after pretreatment with two doses of astaxanthin (5 and 25 mg/kg of body weight respectively) for 3 d, while the control rats received only 80% ethanol for 3 days. The oral administration of astaxanthin (5 and 25 mg/kg of body weight) showed significant protection against ethanol-induced gastric lesion and inhibited elevation of the lipid peroxide level in gastric mucosa. In addition, pretreatment with astaxanthin resulted in a significant increase in the activities of radical scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. A histologic examination clearly indicated that the acute gastric mucosal lesion induced by ethanol nearly disappeared after pretreatment with astaxanthin.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 基本治疗：建立专利气道（如有需要，使用口咽或鼻咽气道）。如有必要，进行吸痰。密切观察呼吸不足的迹象，如有需要，协助通气。通过非循环呼吸面罩以10至15升/分钟的速度给予氧气。监测肺水肿，如有必要，进行治疗……。监测休克，如有必要，进行治疗……。预防癫痫发作，如有必要，进行治疗……。对于眼睛污染，立即用水冲洗眼睛。在运输过程中，用0.9%的生理盐水（NS）连续冲洗每只眼睛……。不要使用催吐剂。对于摄入，如果患者能吞咽、有强烈的呕吐反射且不流口水，用温水冲洗口腔，并给予5毫升/千克，最多200毫升的水进行稀释……。在去污后，用干性无菌敷料覆盖皮肤烧伤……。/毒物A和B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

/SRP:/ 高级治疗：对于昏迷、严重肺水肿或严重呼吸困难的病人，考虑进行口咽或鼻咽气管插管以控制气道。使用气囊面罩装置的正压通气技术可能有益。考虑使用药物治疗肺水肿...。对于严重的支气管痉挛，考虑给予β激动剂，如沙丁胺醇...。监测心率和必要时治疗心律失常...。开始静脉输注5%葡萄糖水（D5W）/SRP: "保持开放"，最低流量/。如果出现低血容量的迹象，使用0.9%盐水（NS）或乳酸林格液。对于伴有低血容量迹象的低血压，谨慎给予液体。注意液体过载的迹象...。使用地西泮或劳拉西泮治疗癫痫...。使用丙美卡因氢氯化物协助眼部冲洗...。/Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 人类毒性摘录

/替代和体外测试/ 虾青素是一种存在于植物和藻类中的类胡萝卜素；它为海洋海鲜如鲑鱼、龙虾或虾提供颜色。类胡萝卜素是抗氧化剂，具有其他生物学功能，包括对缝隙连接通讯的影响，这对于细胞的稳态、生长控制和发育至关重要。癌细胞之间的缝隙连接通讯受损。本研究的目的是确定虾青素和角黄素对体外细胞间缝隙连接通讯的影响。将初级人皮肤成纤维细胞暴露于从0.001到10微摩尔/升的类胡萝卜素中，并使用染料转移分析法测量缝隙连接通讯。在与角黄素孵化24小时和72小时后，细胞间通讯增加，而在虾青素浓度大于0.1微摩尔/升时，细胞间通讯显著减少。当虾青素被移除时，抑制作用得以逆转。 Western印迹分析显示，暴露于角黄素后，缝隙连接蛋白connexin43的数量增加。与虾青素孵化导致connexin43的磷酸化模式发生变化，从高磷酸化状态转变为低磷酸化状态。我们建议虾青素通过改变connexin43的磷酸化模式来影响通道功能。

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Astaxanthin is a carotenoid found in plants and algae; it provides the color of marine seafood such as salmon, lobster, or shrimp. Carotenoids are antioxidants and exhibit other biological functions, including effects on gap junctional communication important for homeostasis, growth control, and development of cells. Cancer cells have an impaired gap junctional intercellular communication. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on gap junctional intercellular communication in vitro. Primary human skin fibroblasts were exposed to carotenoids from 0.001 to 10 umol/L, and gap junctional communication was measured with a dye transfer assay. After incubation with canthaxanthin for 24 and 72 h, intercellular communication increased, whereas it was strongly diminished by astaxanthin at levels > 0.1 umol/L. Inhibition was reversed when astaxanthin was withdrawn. Western blot analysis showed that after exposure to canthaxanthin, the amount of the gap junction protein connexin43 was increased. Incubation with astaxanthin led to a change in the phosphorylation pattern of connexin43, shifting from higher to lower phosphorylation states. We suggest that astaxanthin affects channel function by changing the phosphorylation pattern of connexin43.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 非人类毒性摘录

/替代性和体外测试/ 虾青素（AST），主要是一种海洋来源的类胡萝卜素，负责鲑鱼、虾和龙虾的粉红色着色，对其的关注相对较少。与其他类胡萝卜素一样，其高度亲脂性特性使得向模型系统中传递变得复杂。为了克服这个问题，我们合成了一种新型的四钠二磷酸虾青素（pAST）衍生物，其水溶性为25.21 mg/ml。pAST通过水/乙醇溶液被递送到C3H/10T1/2细胞中，并与溶解在四氢呋喃中的非酯化AST进行了比较。我们显示pAST能够（i）上调连接蛋白43（Cx43）的表达；（ii）增加Cx43免疫反应性斑块的形成；（iii）上调间隙连接细胞通讯（GJIC）；（iv）在10(-6) M浓度下，对甲基胆蒽诱导的肿瘤转化产生100%的抑制作用。在这些测试中，pAST优于非酯化AST本身；实际上，pAST超过了此前在该模型系统中测试的所有其他类胡萝卜素的效力。通过HPLC还验证了pAST裂解为非酯化（游离）AST并进入细胞的过程；然而，游离AST的水平大约比用AST本身处理的细胞低100倍，这表明pAST具有固有的活性。水溶性（使体内能够进行 parenteral adminiSTration）和增加效力这两种特性，在未来开发癌症化学预防剂的研发中将极为有用。/四钠二磷酸虾青素衍生物/

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Astaxanthin (AST), primarily a carotenoid of marine origin, responsible for the pink coloration of salmon, shrimp and lobster, has received relatively little attention. As with other carotenoids, its highly lipophilic properties complicate delivery to model systems. To overcome this issue we have synthesized a novel tetrasodium diphosphate astaxanthin (pAST) derivative with aqueous dispersibility of 25.21 mg/ml. pAST was delivered to C3H/10T1/2 cells in an aqueous/ethanol solution and compared with non-esterified AST dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. We show pAST to (i) upregulate connexin 43 (Cx43) protein expression; (ii) increase the formation of Cx43 immunoreactive plaques; (iii) upregulate gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC); and (iv) cause 100% inhibition of methylcholanthrene-induced neoplastic transformation at 10(-6) M. In all these assays, pAST was superior to non-esterified AST itself; in fact, pAST exceeded the potency of all other previously tested carotenoids in this model system. Cleavage of pAST to non-esterified (free) AST and uptake into cells was also verified by HPLC; however, levels of free AST were approximately 100-fold lower than in cells treated with AST itself, suggesting that pAST possesses intrinsic activity. The dual properties of water dispersibility (enabling parenteral administration in vivo) and increased potency should prove extremely useful in the future development of cancer chemopreventive agents. /Tetrasodium diphosphate astaxanthin derivative/

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

明显的虾青素（3,3'-二羟基-β,β-胡萝卜素-4,4'-二酮）消化系数（ADC）和肌肉、肝脏、全肾和血浆中的类胡萝卜素组成在大西洋鲑鱼（Salmo salar）和大西洋比目鱼（Hippoglossus hippoglossus）喂养了112天的含有66毫克虾青素每千克干物质的饮食后进行了比较。虾青素来源包括75%全-E-、3% 9Z-和22% 13Z-虾青素，以及（3R,3'R）-、（3R,3'S; 内消旋）-和（3S,3'S）-虾青素，比例为1:2:1。在喂养56天和112天后，大西洋比目鱼的虾青素ADC显著高于大西洋鲑鱼（P < 0.05）。全-E-虾青素的ADC显著高于9Z-虾青素的ADC（P < 0.05）。与比目鱼相比，鲑鱼的所有血浆和组织样本中存在更多的类胡萝卜素。鲑鱼肌肉中虾青素的保留率为3.9%，而比目鱼为0。与饮食相比，全-E-虾青素在大西洋鲑鱼的肌肉中以及鲑鱼和比目鱼的血浆中选择性地积累。与血浆相比，13Z-虾青素在大西洋鲑鱼和比目鱼的肝脏和全肾中选择性地积累。与大西洋鲑鱼相似的虾青素代谢还原途径在比目鱼中得到证实，这是通过在血浆、肝脏和全肾中存在3',4'-顺式和反式糖酸异构体Idoxanthin（3,3',4'-三羟基-β,β-胡萝卜素-4'-酮）来表明的。总之，大西洋比目鱼比大西洋鲑鱼的虾青素ADC更高，这可能是由于比目鱼较低的摄食量，以及通过更高的代谢转化虾青素的能力导致虾青素保留率较低。

Apparent astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione) digestibility coefficients (ADC) and carotenoid compositions of the muscle, liver, whole kidney and plasma were compared in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed a diet supplemented with 66 mg astaxanthin kg(-1) dry matter for 112 days. The astaxanthin source consisted of 75% all-E-, 3% 9Z- and 22% 13Z-astaxanthin, of (3R,3'R)-, (3R,3'S; meso)-, and (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin in a 1:2:1 ratio. The ADC of astaxanthin was significantly higher in Atlantic halibut than in Atlantic salmon after 56 and 112 days of feeding (P < 0.05). The ADC of all-E-astaxanthin was significantly higher than ADC of 9Z-astaxanthin (P < 0.05). Considerably more carotenoids were present in all plasma and tissue samples of salmon than in halibut. Retention of astaxanthin in salmon muscle was 3.9% in salmon and 0 in halibut. All-E-astaxanthin accumulated selectively in the muscle of salmon, and in plasma of salmon and halibut compared with diet. 13Z-astaxanthin accumulated selectively in liver and whole kidney of salmon and halibut, when compared with plasma. A reductive pathway for astaxanthin metabolism in halibut similar to that of salmon was shown by the presence of 3',4'-cis and trans glycolic isomers of idoxanthin (3,3',4'-trihydroxy-beta,beta-carotene-4'-one) in plasma, liver and whole kidney. In conclusion, the higher ADC of astaxanthin in halibut than Atlantic salmon may be explained by lower feed intake in halibut, and the lower retention of astaxanthin by a higher capacity to transform astaxanthin metabolically.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

目前的研究旨在调查大西洋鲑鱼中虾青素（Ax）的代谢情况，尤其是在鲑鱼肝脏中的代谢。研究是在喂食了含有60 ppm 15, 15' (14)C标记Ax的饲料后的活体鲑鱼中进行的，直到鲑鱼被宰杀。收集了血液、胆汁、肝脏、胃肠道及其内容物、肌肉、皮肤、剩余尸体和粪便的样本进行闪烁计数。实验结束时，(14)C标记Ax的最高放射性（71.36%）发现在胃肠道内容物和粪便中，胆汁中为7.13%，肝脏、肌肉和皮肤的样本中为10.68%。从鲑鱼的胆汁中提取了(14)C标记Ax的代谢物，并使用薄层色谱（TLC）和高性能液相色谱（HPLC）进行分析。发现了主要的(14)C标记Ax及其顺式异构体，没有观察到(14)C标记Ax的共轭。这些结果表明，在大西洋鲑鱼肝脏中，(14)C标记Ax没有共轭成更大的无色化合物。

The present studies were performed to investigate the metabolism of astaxanthin (Ax) in Atlantic salmon, especially in the liver of salmon. The investigations were undertaken in vivo salmon that were fed a diet containing 60 ppm 15, 15' (14)C-labelled Ax prior to sacrifice. The samples of blood, bile, liver, gastrointestinal tract and contents, muscle, skin, remaining carcass and feces were taken for scintillation counting. The highest radioactivity (71.36%) of (14)C-labelled Ax was found in the gastrointestinal contents and feces, 7.13% in the bile and 10.68% in the samples of liver, muscle, and skin at the end of the experiments. The metabolites of (14)C-labelled Ax were extracted from the bile of the salmon and analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Predominant (14)C-labelled Ax and its cis-isomers were found and no conjugation of (14)C-labelled Ax was observed. These results indicate that (14)C-labelled Ax was not conjugated into larger colorless compound in Atlantic salmon liver.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• 危险品标志：
  Xn
• 安全说明：
  S24/25
• 危险类别码：
  R20/21/22
• WGK Germany：
  3
• 海关编码：
  3203001990
• 危险品运输编号：
  NONH for all modes of transport
• 危险性防范说明：
  P261,P305+P351+P338
• 危险性描述：
  H302,H315,H319,H335
• 储存条件：
  在-20°C下保存时，请确保密封并存放在通风干燥的地方，并远离其他氧化物。

制备方法与用途

根据提供的信息，我们可以总结出以下关于虾青素生产工艺的关键步骤：

1. 原料准备：

   • 将清洗干净并机械粉碎的虾壳，粒度控制在5目-10目之间。

2. 酶解处理：

   • 按照虾壳与水的重量比为1∶1-2加入适量水分。
   • 添加蛋白酶进行酶解。酶解温度、pH值及时间需根据不同品种的虾壳进行调整，一般温度范围在30-70℃之间，pH值4-8之间，时间为2-6小时，蛋白酶占虾壳总重量的0.4％-1％。

3. 灭酶和冷却：

   • 酶解完成后将温度加热至70-100℃进行灭酶菌处理后迅速降温。

4. 有机溶剂萃取：

   • 向已灭酶冷却后的虾壳加入与之重量比为1∶1-2的有机溶剂，充分密闭搅拌6-12小时。
   • 冷却后分层得到液体和固体产物。

5. 液相分离：

   • 虾液体进一步分液处理，分为水解液和有机萃取液两部分。

这种生产工艺不仅能够从虾壳中提取出高质量的蛋白质、钙粉等副产品，还能有效回收宝贵的虾青素。整个过程中通过酶解技术可以最大限度地释放和富集其中的有效成分，提高产品的质量和利用率。

反应信息

• 作为反应物：
  描述：

  虾青素 在 potassium methanolate 、 二甲基亚砜 作用下， 以 甲醇 为溶剂， 生成
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Electron uptake by classical electron donators: astaxanthin and carotenoid aldehydes

  摘要：

  Carotenoids are prime examples for antioxidants: they donate electrons to noxious radicals. Density functional calculations anticipate the possibility of electron uptake by carotenoids. This prediction has been confirmed experimentally: carbonyl carotenoids, including the super-antioxidant astaxanthin, easily take up electrons and react as antireductants. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  DOI：

  10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.029
• 作为产物：
  描述：

  斑蝥黄 在 亚碘酰苯 、 sodium hydroxide 、 硫酸 作用下， 以 甲醇 、 水 为溶剂， 反应 17.5h， 以4.48 g的产率得到虾青素
  参考文献：
  名称：

  一种氧化角黄素制备虾青素的方法

  摘要：

  本发明公开了一种氧化角黄素制备虾青素的方法，底物角黄素溶解在有机溶剂中，首先以高价碘化物作为氧化剂反应制备二烷氧基缩酮化合物，然后酸性条件下，对上述缩酮化合物进行水解得到虾青素。主要解决现有技术中路线繁琐、条件苛刻的问题，为虾青素合成提供了一种更加安全、实用的方法。

  公开号：

  CN111747876B
• 作为试剂：
  描述：

  、 Astaxanthin bis(trimethylsilyl)ether 在 氩 、 虾青素 作用下， 以 甲醇 为溶剂， 反应 4.0h， 以Concentration of the mother liquor yielded about 3 g of solid red residue from which a further 0.4 g of crude astaxanthin的产率得到
  参考文献：
  名称：

  Cyclohexenone derivatives and process for making same

  摘要：

  一种化合物的化学式为##STR1##，其中n代表数字，X代表基团##STR2##或n代表数字1，X代表6,11-二甲基十六烯-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-庚二烯-2,15-二基基团，符号R.sup.1具有相同或不同的含义，表示烷基基团，符号R.sup.2代表三烷基硅氧基--OSi(R.sup.1).sub.3或醚基团，通过过氧羧酸氧化，如果需要，可将产生的α-硅氧基酮水解为α-羟基酮。该过程特别适用于制造虾青素。

  公开号：

  US04585885A1

文献信息

• Novel Bicyclic Pyridinones
  申请人：Pettersson Martin Youngjin

  公开号：US20120252758A1

  公开（公告）日：2012-10-04

  Compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds are disclosed, wherein the compounds have the structure of Formula I as defined herein. Corresponding pharmaceutical compositions, methods of treatment, methods of synthesis, and intermediates are also disclosed.

  所述化合物及其药用可接受的盐被披露，其中所述化合物具有如本文所定义的Formula I的结构。相应的药物组合物、治疗方法、合成方法和中间体也被披露。
• Extracts of Isochrysis sp.
  申请人：Herrmann Martina

  公开号：US20100080761A1

  公开（公告）日：2010-04-01

  The present invention relates to extracts of Isochrysis sp., preferably Tahitian Isochrysis, its cosmetic, dermatological and/or therapeutic uses and compositions and cosmetic, dermatological or therapeutic products comprising such an extract of Isochrysis sp., preferably Tahitian Isochrysis.

  本发明涉及Isochrysissp.的提取物，优选为塔希提Isochrysis，及其在化妆品、皮肤病学和/或治疗学上的用途以及包含该Isochrysissp.提取物的化妆品、皮肤病学或治疗学产品，优选为塔希提Isochrysis。
• CAROTENOID DERIVATIVE, PHARMACEUTICALLY ACCEPTABLE SALT THEREOF, OR PHARMACEUTICALLY ACCEPTABLE ESTER OR AMIDE THEREOF
  申请人：FUJI CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES CO., LTD.

  公开号：US20170081289A1

  公开（公告）日：2017-03-23

  The object of the present invention is to find a carotenoid compound that is excellent in water solubility. A carotenoid derivative having a formula (I): wherein X represents a carbonyl group or a methylene group, one of R 1 and R 2 represents (a) or (b) and the other represents (a), (b), (c) or a hydrogen atom: (a): —CO-A-B-D wherein A represents an alkylene group an alkenylene group, etc., B represents a formula of —S(O) n — or a formula of —NR 4 CONR 5 — and D represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxy group, etc., (b): —CO-E-F wherein E represents an alkylene group or a formula of —NR 3 — wherein R 3 represents (a1) a hydrogen atom, (b1) an alkyl group etc., and F represents a sulfo group and (c): —CO-G wherein G represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, etc., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester or amide thereof.

  本发明的目的是找到一种在水溶性方面表现优异的类胡萝卜素化合物。 具有以下式（I）的类胡萝卜素衍生物： 其中 X代表羰基或亚甲基中的一个，R 1 和R 2 中的一个代表（a）或（b），另一个代表（a）、（b）、（c）或氢原子： （a）：—CO-A-B-D，其中A代表烷基、烯基等，B代表—S(O) n —的式或—NR 4 CONR 5 —的式，D代表氢原子、羧基等， （b）：—CO-E-F，其中E代表烷基或—NR 3 —的式，其中R 3 代表（a1）氢原子、（b1）烷基等，F代表磺酰基， （c）：—CO-G，其中G代表氢原子、烷基等， 其药学上可接受的盐，或其药学上可接受的酯或酰胺。
• POLYMER-CARBOHYDRATE CONJUGATES FOR DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY
  申请人：Wu Nian

  公开号：US20150157721A1

  公开（公告）日：2015-06-11

  The invention comprises compounds, methods of making, and methods of using. The compounds may have a linear or cylic backbone and three or four appended functional groups: one or two lipohilic compounds including sterols or “fat soluble” vitamins, one or two hydrophilic polymer, and one or two carbohydrate. A group of polymer-carbohydrate conjugates having a central backbone and three appended functional groups are disclosed wherein one lipophilic compound is void of both steroid acids. The conjugate may have fatty acids as the primary lipophilic carrier, one hydrophilic polymer, and one carbohydrate. Specific functional groups may be selected for specific applications in formulating pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutriceuticals, and the like. Typical coupling reaction of the conjugates may involve one or more or combinations or in series of alkylation including N-alkylation or O-alkylation, etherification, esterification and amidation chemical processes. A variety of linkers between the backbone and functional groups may also be selected to modify the carriers or center backbones for the coupling reactions and optimize performance of the conjugates.

  该发明包括化合物、制备方法和使用方法。这些化合物可能具有线性或环状的骨架，以及三个或四个附加的功能基团：一个或两个疏水化合物，包括固醇或“脂溶性”维生素，一个或两个亲水性聚合物，以及一个或两个碳水化合物。公开了一组具有中心骨架和三个附加功能基团的聚合物-碳水化合物共轭物，其中一个疏水性化合物不含类固醇酸。该共轭物可能以脂肪酸作为主要疏水载体，一个亲水性聚合物和一个碳水化合物。特定的功能基团可以根据在制备药物、化妆品、营养保健品等方面的具体应用而选择。共轭物的典型偶联反应可能涉及一种或多种或组合或串联的烷基化，包括N-烷基化或O-烷基化，醚化，酯化和酰胺化化学过程。还可以选择各种连接剂连接骨架和功能基团之间，以修改载体或中心骨架以进行偶联反应并优化共轭物的性能。
• [EN] IMPROVED NANOPARTICLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS<br/>[FR] SYSTÈMES AMÉLIORÉS D'ADMINISTRATION DE NANOPARTICULES
  申请人：CELATOR PHARMACEUTICALS INC

  公开号：WO2017011685A1

  公开（公告）日：2017-01-19

  Nanopaiticle compositions described herein comprise combinations of prodrugs of therapeutic agents that achieve enhanced therapeutic effects as compared to those observed when combinations of free forms of these therapeutic agents are administered.

  本文描述的纳米粒子组合物包括治疗剂的前药组合，与给予这些治疗剂的自由形式组合相比，能够实现增强的治疗效果。