Dimethyl sulfoxide appears as a clear liquid, essentially odorless. Closed cup flash point 192°F. Vapors are heavier than air. Contact with the skin may cause stinging and burning and lead to an odor of garlic on the breath. An excellent solvent that can transport toxic solutes through the skin. High vapor concentrations may cause headache, dizziness, and sedation.
颜色/状态：
Colorless liquid
气味：
Slightly sulfurous odor
味道：
Slightly bitter taste with sweet after-taste
蒸汽密度：
2.71 (NTP, 1992) (Relative to Air)
蒸汽压力：
0.60 mm Hg at 25 °C
亨利常数：
1.51e-09 atm-m3/mole
大气OH速率常数：
6.20e-11 cm3/molecule*sec
自燃温度：
419 °F (215 °C)
分解：
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /sulfur oxides/.
Dimethyl sulfoxide is metabolized in man by oxidation to dimethyl sulfone or by reduction in dimethyl sulfide. Dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone are excreted in the urine and feces.
Autoimmune strain MRL/Ipr, C3H/lpr, and male BXSB mice were placed on a continuous treatment regimen with 3% DMSO or 3% DMS02 in the drinking water, ad libitum, commencing at 1 to 2 months of age, before spontaneous autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease development could be detected. This represented doses of 8-10 g/kg/day of DMSO and 6-8 g/kg/day of DMS02. Both compounds were observed to extend the mean life span of MRL/Ipr mice from 5.5 months to over 10 months of age. All strains showed decreased antinuclear antibody responses and significant diminution of lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and anemia development. Serum IgG levels and spleen IgM antibody plaque formation, however, did not differ from control values. There was no indication of involvement of systemic immunosuppressive or antiproliferative effects, and treated animals were observed to remain healthy and vigorous with no signs of toxicity. These results demonstrate that high doses of both DMSO and its major in vivo metabolite, DMSO2, provide significant protection against the development of murine autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease.
In man, DMSO is oxidized into dimethylsulfone DMSO2, metabolite excreted by urine (17-22 %). DMSO is reduced into dimethylsulfide, DMS, a volatile metabolite, responsible for garlic odour of exhaled air (1 %). About 85 % is excreted unchanged, both by urine (50 %) and feces (50 %).
Dimethyl sulfoxide is metabolized in man by oxidation to dimethyl sulfone or by reduction in dimethyl sulfide. Dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone are excreted in the urine and feces.
Route of Elimination: Dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone are excreted in the urine and feces.
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a colorless, very hygroscopic, liquid. It is a molecule with a long history in pharmaceutics and is now well established as a penetration enhancer in topical pharmaceutical formulations. It is currently prescribed as medication for this purpose in diclofenac sodium topical solution (approved in the United States to treat signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis) and idoxuridine topical solution (approved in Europe for the treatment of herpes zoster). DMSO is used as a medication for symptomatic relief of interstitial cystitis. DMSO is not a nutritional supplement, it is metabolized to methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), which is available as a nutritional supplement. DMSO is used in the cryopreservation of cell populations including stem cells, embryos, and various cell cultures. It is also used as an Industrial solvent and as antifreeze or hydraulic fluid when mixed with water. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Dermal exposure to DMSO causes skin reactions, erythema and pruritis, which appear immediately after contact with the undiluted substance; 70% solutions are usually tolerated without symptoms. In very sensitive individuals, however, reactions have been seen after contact with 10% solutions. In humans, topical and intradermal application of DMSO produced garlic breath, mast cell degranulation, an increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and perivascular eosinophils, itching, and histamine mediated and non-histamine dependent whealing and erythematous flare. Two drops of >50% DMSO in the eye caused a temporary burning sensation and vasodilatation; concentrations of <50% exhibited no effects. A case of sulhemoglobinemia after dermal exposure to DMSO has been described. ANIMAL STUDIES: To study the effects of acute DMSO exposure unshaven rats were immersed in a DMSO solution. There was no immediate response, but within 24 hours 13/14 rats dipped into 100% DMSO were dead. Single i.v. injections of undiluted DMSO were administered to groups of 5 male and 5 female rats. Dose levels were 2.5, 5.0, and 10 g/kg. Each dose was administered over a 1-minute interval. Animals were observed for 14 days following DMSO administration and with one exception, deaths occurred within the first 24 hours. Death was preceded by tremors, myasthenia, dyspnea, and occasionally, convulsions. Non-lethal doses of DMSO produced decreased motoractivity and myasthenia. A total of 32 male rats were exposed to 200 mg DMSO per cubic meter of air for 7 hr/day, 5 days a week, for 6 weeks for 30 exposures. There were no outward toxic signs noted in any of the exposed animals throughout the experimental period of 6 weeks. A garlic-like odor, characteristic of DMSO exposure, was detected in the breath of each of the rats after the first day of exposure. Pharmaceutical-grade DMSO was administered as a 90% solution to 4 groups of rhesus monkeys by gastric intubation, 7 days a week for up to 87 weeks. Dosages administered were equivalent to 990, 2970, and 8910 mg/kg/day. The principal physical signs seen in the animals given DMSO orally included sporadic excess salivation and emesis. Anorexia only occurred at high oral doses. No DMSO-related changes were found in the treated monkeys during physical examinations. No significant lesions attributable to DMSO were found upon gross examination at necropsy. No histologic changes were visible in the lenses of treated animals. In developmental studies groups of 5 -6 pregnant golden hamsters were injected with dilutions of DMSO ranging from 50 to 5500 mg/kg iv or 5500 and 8250 mg/kg ip on the eighth day of gestation. Examination of the embryos 3 days later revealed that no embryocidal or teratogenic effects were noted until levels of 2500 mg/kg were reached. At higher levels, malformations, including exencephaly, rib fusions, microphthalmia, limb abnormalities and cleft lip were found. There was no appreciable effect of DMSO on maternal weight gain or health. DMSO was tested in Chinese hamster ovary cells to a maximum concentration of 5000 ug/mL with and without metabolic activation. DMSO did not induce cell toxicity or cell cycle delay, and did not induce an increase in the incidence of SCEs. Intraabdominal injection of DMSO did not induce sex-linked recessive lethals and did not raise the frequency of sex chromosome loss above the spontaneous level in Drosophila melanogaster. DMSO was tested in five S. typhimurium tester strains (TA 98, 100, 1535, 1537, 1538). DMSO was negative, in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The acute toxicity (g/kg bw) of i.p. DMSO injection to chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): LD50 = 12.0, sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): LD50 = 13.0, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): LD50 = 16.0 and rainbow trout (Salmo gardneri): LD50 = 17.0. Fish usually died within 24 hr; however, a few died between 24 and 48 hours.
The mechanism of dimethyl sulfoxide's actions is not well understood. Dimethyl sulfoxide has demonstrated antioxidant activity in certain biological settings. For example, the cardiovascular protective effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in copper-deficient rats is thought to occur by an antioxidant mechanism. It is also thought that dimethyl sulfoxide's possible anti-inflammatory activity is due to antioxidant action.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
对人类无致癌性（未列入国际癌症研究机构IARC清单）。
No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
这种物质可以通过吸入、皮肤接触和摄入被身体吸收。
The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.
来源:ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs)
毒理性
暴露途径
局部的；通过肠道给药（膀胱内给药）。经所有途径给药后都能迅速且容易地被吸收，并分布到全身。
Topical ; parenteral(intravesical). Readily and rapidly absorbed following administration by all routes and distributed throughout the body.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
吸收、分配和排泄
吸收
经所有途径给药后，迅速且容易地被吸收，并分布全身。
Readily and rapidly absorbed following administration by all routes and distributed throughout the body.
Following topical application, DMSO is absorbed and widely distributed in tissue and body fluids. DMSO and dimethyl sulfone are excreted in the urine and feces. DMSO is eliminated through the breath and skin and is responsible for the characteristic garlic odor. ... Dimethyl sulfone can persist in serum > 2 weeks after a single intravesical instillation. No residual accumulation of DMSO has occurred after treatment from protracted periods of time.
Dimethyl sulfoxide and /one of its metabolites/ dimethyl sulfone, are excreted in the urine and feces. Dimethyl sulfide /another metabolite/ is eliminated through the breath and skin...
By use of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging technique, /this study examined/ the dynamic optical clearing processes occurring in hyperosmotically biocompatible agents penetrating into skin tissue in vitro. The sequential collection of images in a time series provides an opportunity to assess penetration kinetics of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and glycerol beneath the surface of skin tissue over time. From 2-D IR spectroscopic images and 3-D false color diagrams, ...show/s/ that glycerol takes at least 30 min to finally penetrate the layer of epidermis, while DMSO can be detected in epidermis after only 4 min of being topically applied over stratum corneum sides of porcine skin. The results demonstrate the potential of a FTIR spectroscopic imaging technique as an analytical tool for the study of dynamic optical clearing effects when the bio-tissue is impregnated by hyperosmotically biocompatible agents such as glycerol and DMSO.
