Linezolid is primarily metabolized to two inactive metabolites: an aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite (PNU-142300) and a hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite (PNU-142586), both of which are the result of morpholine ring oxidation. The hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite - the most abundant of the two metabolites - is likely generated via non-enzymatic processes, though further detail has not been elucidated. While the specific enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of linezolid are unclear, it does not appear to be subject to metabolism via the CYP450 enzyme system, nor does it meaningfully inhibit or induce these enzymes. Linezolid is, however, a reversible and non-selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase enzymes.
来源:DrugBank
代谢
体外研究尚未显示利奈唑胺被人细胞色素P450酶代谢。利奈唑胺不抑制细胞色素P450酶。
In vitro studies have not shown that linezolid is metabolized by human cytochrome p450 enzymes. Linezolid does not inhibit the cytochrome p450 enzymes.
Linezolid is primarily metabolized via oxidation of the morpholine ring. Two inactive metabolites are formed: the aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite and the hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite. The hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite is formed via a non-enzymatic chemical oxidation mechanism in vitro.
The drug is metabolized principally via oxidation to 2 inactive metabolites; an aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite and a hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite. Linezolid is not metabolized to any measurable extent by the cytochrome p450 (CYP) enzyme system. Linezolid does not inhibit CYP isoenzymes 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4 and is not an enzyme inducer, suggesting that the drug is unlikely to alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
In vitro studies were conducted to identify the hepatic enzyme(s) responsible for the oxidative metabolism of linezolid. In human liver microsomes, linezolid was oxidized to a single metabolite, hydroxylinezolid (M1). Formation of M1 was determined to be dependent upon microsomal protein and NADPH. Over a concentration range of 2 to 700 uM, the rate of M1 formation conformed to first-order (nonsaturable) kinetics. Application of conventional in vitro techniques were unable to identify the molecular origin of M1 based on the following experiments: a) inhibitor/substrates for various cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes were unable to inhibit M1 formation; b) formation of M1 did not correlate (r(2) < 0.23) with any of the measured catalytic activities across a population of human livers (n = 14); c) M1 formation was not detectable in incubations using microsomes prepared from a baculovirus insect cell line expressing CYPs 1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 4A11. In addition, results obtained from an in vitro P-450 inhibition screen revealed that linezolid was devoid of any inhibitory activity toward the following CYP enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4). Additional in vitro studies excluded the possibility of flavin-containing monooxygenase and monoamine oxidase as potential enzymes responsible for metabolite formation. However, metabolite formation was found to be optimal under basic (pH 9.0) conditions, which suggests the potential involvement of either an uncharacterized P-450 enzyme or an alternative microsomal mediated oxidative pathway.
Linezolid targets the large 39S subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome thereby deactivation mitochondrial protein synthesis. As a result Linezolid is cytotoxic to the most metabolically active cells or tissues including the heart, liver, thymus and bone-marrow. (A7823). The likely target of Linezolid is the 16S rRNA molecule in the mitochondrial ribosome, which is analogous to the 23S rRNA in bacterial ribosomes.
Therapy with linezolid has been associated with mild and transient elevations in serum aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels in 1% to 10% of patients, although similar rates of elevations occur in patients with infections treated with comparable agents, and enzyme elevations were not found in normal volunteers given linezolid for short periods. On the other hand, ALT elevations during therapy have been higher with higher doses of linezolid, but in all instances the elevations occurred without symptoms and resolved with discontinuation of the drug.
Although the agent has been available for a limited time and its use has been restricted, several instances of clinically apparent liver disease with jaundice have been reported with linezolid therapy. A case of a hypersensitivity response with rash, eosinophilia and renal insufficiency (DRESS syndrome) with mild serum enzyme elevations has been reported. More frequently, linezolid has been linked to cases of lactic acidosis, generally arising after 1 to 8 weeks of therapy and sometimes associated with evidence of liver injury and jaundice. Lactic acidosis is usually due to injury and dysfunction of hepatic mitochondria, with resulting microvesicular steatosis and disturbed hepatic function (not necessarily accompanied by jaundice or even ALT or alkaline phosphatase elevations). Other serious side effects associated with mitochondrial damage due to linezolid therapy include peripheral and optic neuropathy, pancreatitis, serotonin syndrome and renal injury. Risk factors for developing lactic acidosis from linezolid include higher doses, longer courses of therapy and underlying chronic liver or renal disease. The mitochondrial injury is believed to be due to the inhibition of mitochondrial ribosomal function that matches the known effect of linezolid on bacterial ribosomal function. Lactic acidosis occurs after 1 to 8 weeks of treatment and can be severe, although it often resolves rapidly with discontinuation. In contrast, the optic and peripheral neuropathy due to linezolid resolves more slowly and can be permanent. Lactic acidosis can be fatal and hepatic dysfunction and jaundice have been mentioned in severe cases of lactic acidosis attributed to linezolid.
Likelihood score: A (well established cause of clinically apparent liver injury usually in association with lactic acidosis).
Linezolid is extensively absorbed following oral administration and has an absolute bioavailability of approximately 100%. Maximum plasma concentrations are reached within approximately 1 to 2 hours after dosing (Tmax) and range from 8.1-12.9 mcg/mL after single doses and 11.0-21.2 mcg/mL after multiple dosing. The absorption of orally administered linezolid is not significantly affected by co-administration with food and it may therefore be given without regard to the timing of meals.
Urinary excretion is the primary means by which linezolid and its metabolic products are excreted. Following the administration of a radiolabeled dose of linezolid under steady-state conditions, approximately 84% of radioactivity was recovered in the urine, of which approximately 30% is unchanged parent drug, 40% is the hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite, and 10% is the aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite. Fecal elimination is comparatively minor, with no parent drug observed in feces and only 6% and 3% of an administered dose found in the feces as the hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite and the aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite, respectively.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
分布容积
在稳态下,利奈唑胺在健康成人中的分布容积大约为40-50升。
At steady-state, the volume of distribution of linezolid in healthy adults is approximately 40-50 liters.
Total clearance of linezolid is estimated to be 100-200 mL/min, the majority of which appears to be non-renal. Mean renal clearance is approximately 40 mL/min, which suggests net tubular reabsorption, while non-renal clearance is estimated to account for roughly 65% of total clearance, or 70-150 mL/min on average. Variability in linezolid clearance is high, particularly for non-renal clearance.
来源:DrugBank
吸收、分配和排泄
分布到血液供应良好的组织;女性的分布体积略低于男性。稳态表观分布容积 - 40至50升。
Distributed to well-perfused tissues; volume of distribution slightly lower in women than men. VolD (steady state) - 40 to 50 L.
A NEW PEPTIDE DEFORMYLASE INHIBITOR COMPOUND AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS THEREOF
申请人:KANG Jae Hoon
公开号:US20100168421A1
公开(公告)日:2010-07-01
The present invention relates to the novel antibacterial compounds having potent antibacterial activity as inhibitors of peptide deformylase. This invention further relates to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to processes for their preparation, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them as an active ingredient.
The present invention relates compounds of the formula: or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, useful as sodium channel blockers, as well as compositions containing the same, processes for the preparation of the same, and therapeutic methods of use therefore in promoting hydration of mucosal surfaces and the treatment of diseases including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, bronchiectasis, acute and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia.
CHLORO-PYRAZINE CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATIVES WITH EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING ACTIVITY
申请人:Parion Sciences, Inc.
公开号:US20140171447A1
公开(公告)日:2014-06-19
This invention provides compounds of the formula I:
and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, useful as sodium channel blockers, compositions containing the same, therapeutic methods and uses for the same and processes for preparing the same.
[EN] METALLOENZYME INHIBITOR COMPOUNDS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS INHIBITEURS DE MÉTALLOENZYMES
申请人:VPS 3 INC
公开号:WO2018165520A1
公开(公告)日:2018-09-13
Provided are compounds having HDAC6 modulating activity, and methods of treating diseases, disorders or symptoms thereof mediated by HDAC6.
提供具有HDAC6调节活性的化合物,以及通过HDAC6介导的治疗疾病、疾病或症状的方法。
[EN] OXAZOLIDINONE COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS OXAZOLIDINONE ET PROCÉDÉS D'UTILISATION DE CES DERNIERS EN TANT QU'AGENTS ANTIBACTÉRIENS
申请人:MERCK SHARP & DOHME
公开号:WO2017066964A1
公开(公告)日:2017-04-27
The present invention relates to oxazolidinone compounds of Formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, E, and R1 are as defined herein. The present invention also relates to compositions which comprise at least one oxazolidinone compound of the invention. The invention also provides methods for inhibiting growth of mycobacterial cells as well as a method of treating mycobacterial infections by Mycobacterium tuberculosiscomprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an oxazolidinone of the invention and/or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising such compound and/or salt.