毒理性
识别和使用：醋酐是一种无色液体，具有强烈的醋酸气味。它用于制造乙酰化合物、醋酸纤维素。其他应用包括在检查羊毛脂、甘油、脂肪和挥发性油、树脂时作为乙酰化剂和溶剂；检测松香。它广泛应用于有机合成中，作为硝化、磺化和其他需要去除水分的反应中的脱水剂。为了减少海洛因的可用性，联合国鼓励各国控制醋酐，这是一种通常对毒品生产至关重要的（前体）化学品。人体研究：已知是一种严重的眼睛和皮肤刺激物。液滴飞溅导致的严重烧伤和人类皮肤水泡已有报道，浓缩蒸汽会产生原发性刺激。在蒸汽浓度超过5 ppm时的暴露立即效果是急性眼刺激。吸入可能导致鼻咽和上呼吸道刺激，伴有灼热感、咳嗽和呼吸困难。长期暴露可能导致肺水肿和死亡。动物研究：大鼠吸入2000 ppm的蒸汽4小时导致死亡。它在兔子上造成了严重的眼睛烧伤。大鼠每天吸入含有0、1、5或20 ppm醋酐的蒸汽6小时，每周5天，持续13周。主要在20 ppm时观察到眼睛和呼吸道刺激以及体重减轻的临床观察。在怀孕的第6-15天，让怀孕大鼠每天吸入0、25、100或400 ppm的蒸汽6小时，在一项筛查研究中引起了胎毒性，其中雌性大鼠在怀孕期间暴露于极具刺激性、对母体有毒的100 ppm蒸汽中。在100 ppm的母体动物中观察到严重的呼吸道刺激和体重减轻，在25 ppm时观察到明显的呼吸道刺激。尽管在母体动物中观察到了明显的呼吸道刺激，但在25 ppm时没有看到发育效果。醋酐在五种沙门氏菌菌株（TA1535、TA1537、TA97、TA98和TA100）存在和不存在代谢激活的情况下均为阴性突变性。生态毒性研究：各种水生生物的实验室测试结果表明，醋酐的毒性阈值浓度约为醋酸的一半，这表明在物质未完全水解为醋酸（在最初的几分钟内）时，存在初始的毒性效应。
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acetic anhydride ia a colorless liquid with a strong acetic odor. It is used in manufacture of acetyl compounds, cellulose acetates. The other applications include uses as acetylizer and solvent in examining wool fat, glycerol, fatty and volatile oils, resins; detection of rosin. It is widely used in organic synthesis, as dehydrating agent in nitrations, sulfonations and other reactions where removal of water is necessary. To reduce heroin availability, the United Nations has encouraged nations to control acetic anhydride, an essential ("precursor") chemical typically necessary to the drug's production. HUMAN STUDIES: Known to be a severe eye and skin irritant. Severe burns and vesiculation of human skin have been reported from liquid splashes, and concentrated vapor produces primary irritation. The immediate effect of exposure at vapor concentrations above 5 ppm is acute irritation of the eye. Inhalation can cause nasopharyngeal and upper respiratory tract irritation, with burning sensations, cough and dyspnea. Prolonged exposure may lead to pulmonary edema and death. ANIMAL STUDIES: Inhalation of 2000 ppm by rats for 4 hours caused deaths. It caused severe eye burns in rabbits. Rats were exposed to inhalation of vapors containing 0, 1, 5, or 20 ppm acetic anhydride for 6 hr/day, 5 days per week for 13 weeks. Clinical observations of eye and respiratory tract irritation and reduced body weights were observed primarily at 20 ppm. Inhalation exposure of pregnant female rats to 0, 25, 100, or 400 ppm 6 hr/day during days 6-15 of gestation caused fetotoxicity in a screening study with female rats exposed to the highly irritating, maternally toxic dose of 100 ppm vapor during gestation. In maternal animals at 100 ppm, severe respiratory tract irritation and body weight reduction were observed, and at 25 ppm substantial irritation of the respiratory tract was observed. No developmental effects were seen at 25 ppm even though substantial irritation of the respiratory tract was observed in maternal animals. Acetic anhydride was negative for mutagenicity in five Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA97, TA98, and TA100) in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The results of various laboratory tests with aquatic organisms, in which the toxic threshold concentrations for acetic anhydride were found to be about half those for acetic acid, suggest an initial toxic effect, so long as not all of the substance has hydrolyzed to acetic acid (during the first few minutes).
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)