Acenaphthene appears as white needles. Melting point 93.6°C. Soluble in hot alcohol. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. May irritate skin and mucous membranes. Emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes when heated to decomposition. Derived from coal tar and used to make dyes, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, fungicides, and plastics.
The filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112 metabolized within 72 hr of incubation approximately 64% of the [1,8-(14)C]acenaphthene added. The radioactive metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate and separated by thin-layer chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Seven metabolites were identified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, UV, and mass spectral techniques as 6-hydroxyacenaphthenone (24.8%), 1,2-acenaphthenedione (19.9%), trans-1,2-dihydroxyacenaphthene (10.3%), 1,5-dihydroxyacenaphthene (2.7%), 1-acenaphthenol (2.4%), 1-acenaphthenone (2.1%), and cis-1,2-dihydroxyacenaphthene (1.8%). Parallel experiments with rat liver microsomes indicated that the major metabolite formed from acenaphthene by rat liver microsomes was 1-acenaphthenone. The fungal metabolism of acenaphthene was similar to bacterial and mammalian metabolism, since the primary site of enzymatic attack was on the two carbons of the five-member ring.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
在大鼠体内代谢为萘-1,8-二羧酸。/来自表格/
Metabolized to naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid in rats. /From table/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
代谢
... 可能将acenaphthene有限代谢为萘酸和萘酐。
... Possibility of limited metabolism of acenaphthene to naphthalic acid and naphthalic anhydride.
A Beijerinckia species and a mutant strain, Beijerinckia species strain B8/36, were shown to oxidize the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. Both organisms oxidized acenaphthene to the same spectrum of metabolites, which included 1-acenaphthenol, 1-acenaphtheneone, 1,2-acenaphthenediol, acenaphthenequinone, and a compound that was tentatively identified as 1,2-dihydroxyacenaphthylene. In contrast, acenaphthylene was oxidized to acenaphthenequinone and the compound tentatively identified as 1,2-dihydroxyacenaphthylene was also formed when the organism was incubated with synthetic cis-1,2-acenaphthenediol. A metabolite identified as cis-1,2-acenaphthenediol was formed from acenaphthylene by the mutant Beijerinckia species strain B8/36. Cell extracts prepared from the wild-type Beijerinckia strain contain a constitutive pyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenase which can oxidize 1-acenaphthenol and 9-fluorenol. The results indicate that although acenaphthene and acenaphthylene are both oxidized to acenaphthenequinone, the pathways leading to the formation of this end product are different.
PAH metabolism occurs in all tissues, usually by cytochrome P-450 and its associated enzymes. PAHs are metabolized into reactive intermediates, which include epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations. The phenols, quinones, and dihydrodiols can all be conjugated to glucuronides and sulfate esters; the quinones also form glutathione conjugates. (L10)
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acenaphthene is a solid. It is used as an intermediate for manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acenaphthene is oxidized by human P450s 2A6 and 2A13 and other P450s to form several mono- and dioxygenated products. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acenaphthene at 2 g/kg body weight administered orally to seven young rats daily for 32 days caused loss of body weight and changes in peripheral blood, increased aminotransferase levels in blood serum, and produced mild morphological damage to both the liver and kidney. 100 rats were exposed for 5-months to acenaphthene at a level of 12 mg/cu m for four hours a day, six days per week. Toxic effects on the blood, lung, and glandular constituents were observed. The bronchial epithelium showed hyperplasia and metaplasia, which may have been symptoms of the pneumonia that killed a large number of animals. No signs of malignancy appeared during the 8-month post-exposure observation period. Acenaphthene at 0.10 % accelerated the liver regeneration in partially hepatectomized male rats. An acenaphthene-containing aromatic subfraction was isolated from shale-derived crude oil and tested for mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium TA98. No increases in mutation frequency were observed with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Treatment of Allium cepa root meristem cells with acenaphthene vapor for 12-96 hr caused anomalies leading to random development of the cells. It caused disorientation of microtubules, in Allium cepa and Phleoeum pratense, resulting in altered cellular expansion. A set of embryo-larval bioassays were conducted with the fathead minnow. The no effect levels when compared to the controls was 0.226 mg/L acenaphthene.
The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构致癌物:acenaphthene(acenaphthene)
IARC Carcinogenic Agent:Acenaphthene
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构(IARC)致癌物分类:第3组:无法归类其对人类致癌性
IARC Carcinogenic Classes:Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
毒理性
致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构专著:第92卷:(2010年)一些非杂环多环芳烃及其相关暴露
IARC Monographs:Volume 92: (2010) Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
吸收、分配和排泄
一些植物叶片和果实表面的蜡质可以通过表面吸附集中多环芳烃。/多核芳烃/
The waxy surface of some plant leaves and fruits can concentrate polyaromatic hydrocarbons through surface adsorption. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/
Synthesis of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids by Carbonylation of Aryl Halides in the Presence of Epoxide-Modified Cobalt Carbonyls as Catalysts
作者:V. P. Boyarskii、T. E. Zhesko、S. A. Lanina
DOI:10.1007/s11167-005-0619-y
日期:2005.11
A new procedure was developed for synthesis of aromatic and heteroaromatic acids and their derivatives (esters, salts) by carbonylation of the corresponding aryl halides. The acids are selectively formed in a high yield under very mild conditions. Highly active catalytic systems, base-containing alcoholic solutions of cobaltcarbonyl modified with epoxides, were used to activate aryl halides.
Synthesis of aromatic aldehydes via 2-aryl-n,n'-diacyl-4-imidazolines
作者:Jan Bergman、Lars Renström、Birger Sjöberg
DOI:10.1016/0040-4020(80)80230-4
日期:1980.1
Diacylimidazolium ions yield adducts with aromatic compounds. Thus the N,N'-diacetylimidazolium ion and indole gives 1,3-diacetyl-2-(3-indolyl)-4-imidazoline. Less reactive substrates such as thiophene, anisole and 1,3-dimethylbenzene fail to react with this reagent but do form adducts (e.g. 1,3-bis-(trifluoroacetyl)-2-(2-thienyl)-4-imidazoline) with an imidazole/trifluoroacetic anhydride reagent.
The photochemical reactions of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (DHP), 9,10-dihydroanthracene (DHA), and acenaphthene (AN) with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) were investigated under N2 atmosphere at room temperature. The results show that the relative reactivities of the hydroarenes toward a photochemical reaction with NBS are THN < DHP < AN << DHA, which is consistent with the stabilities of the radicals produced by benzylic hydrogen abstraction from the hydroarenes. Photochemical reactions of THN and DHP mainly afforded dehydrogenated products, while the photobrominations of the dehydrogenated products from AN and DHA with NBS proceeded readily.