Ferrous gluconate dihydrate | 299-29-6

• 物质功能分类: 生物化工 - 糖类化合物 - 单糖
• 分子结构分类: 有机化合物 - 有机氧化合物
• 英文名称: Ferrous gluconate dihydrate
• 英文别名: iron(2+);(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate;dihydrate
• CAS: 299-29-6；22830-45-1；6047-12-7；699014-53-4
• 化学式: C12H26FeO16
• 分子量: 482.17
• InChiKey: OKGNXSFAYMSVNN-SYAJEJNSSA-L

物化性质

• 熔点：
  188 °C (dec.)(lit.)
• 密度：
  1.14
• 暴露限值：
  ACGIH: TWA 1 mg/m3NIOSH: TWA 1 mg/m3
• LogP：
  -3.175 (est)
• 物理描述：
  Pale greenish-yellow to yellowish-grey powder or granules, which may have a faint odour of burnt sugar
• 颜色/状态：
  The color of /ferrous gluconate/ solution depends on pH; they are light yellow at pH 2, brown at pH 4.5, and green at pH 7. The iron rapidly oxidizes at higher pH.
• 溶解度：
  1 gram dissolves in about 10 ml of water with slight heating and in 1.3 ml of water at 100 °C. It forms supersaturated solutions which are stable for a period of time.
• 稳定性/保质期：
  Aqueous solutions are stabilized by the addition of glucose.
• 分解：
  When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes

计算性质

• 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP)：
  -11.31
• 重原子数：
  29
• 可旋转键数：
  8
• 环数：
  0.0
• sp3杂化的碳原子比例：
  0.83
• 拓扑面积：
  285
• 氢给体数：
  12
• 氢受体数：
  16

ADMET

毒理性

• 相互作用

这项研究调查了在大鼠中，通过注射金属补充剂对水杨酸盐致畸性的影响。在怀孕的第8、9和10天，分别通过腹腔注射给予硫酸亚铁（16 mg/kg）、硫酸锰（10 mg/kg）、硫酸铜（6 mg/kg）或去离子水。在第9天，金属盐处理后1小时，通过口服给予水杨酸钠（250或300 mg/kg）或去离子水。结果显示，锰显著增强了水杨酸盐的致畸效果，铁增强了水杨酸盐的效果，但程度不如锰，而铜对水杨酸盐的致畸性几乎没有影响。锰和铁在给予水杨酸盐处理6小时后，显著增加了胚胎和母体血浆中的总水杨酸盐浓度。没有发现对水杨酸盐与血浆蛋白结合的干扰。在40天大的后代中，研究了可能的水杨酸盐-金属相互作用的产后效果，这些动物在怀孕的第8、9和10天接受了125 mg/kg阿司匹林的口服和16 mg/kg硫酸亚铁的腹腔注射。与对照组相比，阿司匹林-铁和阿司匹林组在探索活动增加和平均体重方面都有所观察，但只有同时暴露于阿司匹林和铁的动物迷宫学习能力受损。通过注射金属盐补充剂增强水杨酸盐的产前和产后效果表明，水杨酸盐与金属在母体循环中存在相互作用，并提示螯合作用是水杨酸盐致畸作用的一种机制。

The effects of parenteral metal supplements of salicylate teratogenicity were studied in rats. Ferrous gluconate (16 mg/kg), manganous sulfate (10 mg/kg), cuprous sulfate (6 mg/kg), or deionized water were given ip on days 8, 9, and 10 of gestation. Sodium salicylate (250 or 300 mg/kg) or deionized water was administered /orally/ on day 9, 1 hr after the metal-salt treatment. Mn significantly enhanced the teratogenic effect of salicylate, Fe potentiated the salicylate effect but to a lesser extent than Mn, and Cu has little or no effect on salicylate teratogenicity. Mn and Fe significantly increased total salicylate concentration in both embryos and maternal plasma at 6 hr after salicylate treatment. No interference with plasma protein binding of salicylate could be detected. Postnatal effects of possible salicylate-mental interactions were studied in 40 day old offspring of animals treated with 125 mg/kg aspirin /orally/ and 16 mg/kg ferrous gluconate ip on days 8, 9, and 10. Increased exploratory activity and mean body weight were observed in both the aspirin-Fe and aspirin groups relative to vehicle controls, but maze learning was impaired only in animals exposed to both aspirin and Fe. The potentiation of the pre- and postnatal effects of salicylate by parenteral mental-salt treatment implies a salicylate-mental interaction in the maternal circulation and suggests chelation as a mechanism of the teratogenic action of salicylate.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

铁的摄入量与锌和铜在人体内吸收的相互作用被研究了。11名患有回肠造口术的患者（平均年龄加减标准差：55加减9岁）在三种不同的测试日中，分别摄入了含有12毫克锌（66Zn和67Zn）和3毫克铜（65Cu）的稳定同位素标记的锌和铜溶液，同时摄入0、100或400毫克的铁（作为葡萄糖酸亚铁）。随后，静脉注射了1毫克的70Zn。患者在24小时和7天内分别收集了回肠造口术排出物和尿液。通过尿液中锌同位素的排泄量计算了锌的状态和真实吸收量。通过口服铜同位素在回肠造口术排出物中的排泄量计算了表观铜吸收量。三种铁剂量之间的锌状态没有显著差异。在没有铁的情况下，锌的吸收量显著高于同时摄入100或400毫克铁的情况（分别为44加减22%，26加减14%和23加减6%；P<0.05），而在100毫克和400毫克铁剂量之间的锌吸收量没有显著差异。在0、100和400毫克铁存在时，表观铜吸收量分别为48加减14%，54加减26%和53加减7%，三种铁剂量之间没有显著差异。

...The interaction between different amounts of administered iron and the absorption of zinc and copper in humans /was investigated/. Eleven subjects with an ileostomy (mean (+/- SD) age: 55 +/- 9 yr) ingested a stable isotope labeled zinc and copper solution containing 12 mg Zn ((66)Zn and (67)Zn) and 3 mg Cu ((65)Cu) in the presence of 0, 100, or 400 mg Fe as ferrous gluconate on 3 respective test days. Subsequently, 1 mg (70)Zn was injected iv. Subjects collected ileostomy effluent and urine for 24 hr and 7 days, respectively. Zinc status and true zinc absorption were calculated from the urinary excretion of the zinc isotopes. Apparent copper absorption was calculated from ileostomy effluent excretion of the orally administered copper isotopes. Zinc status did not differ significantly between the 3 iron doses. Mean (+/- SEM) zinc absorption was significantly higher in the absence of iron than with the concomitant ingestion of 100 or 400 mg Fe (44 +/- 22% compared with 26 +/- 14% and 23 +/- 6%, respectively; P<0.05), whereas zinc absorption did not differ significantly between the 100- and 400-mg Fe doses. Apparent copper absorption was 48 +/- 14%, 54 +/- 26%, and 53 +/- 7% in the presence of 0, 100, and 400 mg Fe, respectively, and did not differ significantly between the 3 iron doses.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

由于体外实验已经排除了硫酸亚铁（Fe-葡糖）和氯化氢-L-天冬氨酸镁（MAH）在水溶液中的相互作用，因此本次体内研究似乎是合理的。动物研究：大鼠分别保持在镁（Mg）和铁（Fe）充足和缺乏的饮食中。Fe-葡糖的胃内给药在3小时后显著提高了血浆中铁的水平，无论是单独给药，还是与MAH（引起高镁血症）联合使用。当Fe/Mg缺乏的动物提供加强型饮食时，也得到了相同的结果。人体研究：Fe-葡糖（每天2次，每次50毫克铁，口服）加上MAH（每天2次，每次7.5毫摩尔镁，口服）的组合对健康志愿者来说是良好耐受的。单次剂量实验显示，Fe-葡糖单独使用和与MAH联合使用在3小时内提高了血浆中铁的水平，程度相同。两组血红蛋白水平中度降低的孕妇，一组接受Fe-葡糖（门诊患者），另一组接受Fe-葡糖与MAH的组合（至少暂时因为早产而住院）。治疗被良好耐受。血红蛋白水平没有进一步下降，正如预期没有铁补充剂的情况，这表明在两组研究中电解质的疗效是可用的。妊娠期间经常观察到孕酮引起的便秘；因此，接受Fe-葡糖加MAH的50%的女性报告的通便作用（与Fe-葡糖组的33%相比）可以被视为期望的效果。结论是，当两种电解质同时口服给药时，MAH不会干扰Fe-葡糖的肠内吸收。同时服用两种电解质，而不是像现在推荐的那样相隔2到3小时，意味着更简单的剂量方案，可能会提高依从性。

Since in vitro experiments had excluded interactions between Fe-gluconate (Fe-gluc) and magnesium-L-aspartate hydrochloride (MAH) in aqueous solutions the present in vivo studies seemed to be justified. Animal studies: Rats were kept on magnesium-(Mg)- and iron-(Fe)- sufficient and deficient diets. The intragastral administration of Fe-gluc significantly increased plasma Fe after 3 h, either given alone, or in combination with MAH (inducing hypermagnesemia). Same results were obtained when fortified diets were offered to Fe/Mg-deficient animals. Human studies: The combination of Fe-gluc (2 x 50 mg Fe per day, per os) plus MAH (2 x 7.5 mmol Mg per day, p.o.) was well tolerated by healthy volunteers. Single dose experiments revealed that Fe-gluc alone and in combination with MAH increased plasma Fe levels during 3 h to the same extent. Two groups of pregnant women with moderately reduced hemoglobin levels either received Fe-gluc (out-patients) or its combination with MAH (at least temporarily hospitalised because of preterm labor). Treatments were well tolerated. Hemoglobin levels did not further decrease, as expected without Fe supplements, during the course of pregnancy, thus indicating the therapeutic availability of the electrolytes in both study groups. Progesterone-induced constipation is frequently observed during pregnancy; hence stool softening reported by 50% of the women receiving Fe-gluc plus MAH (versus 33% in the Fe-gluc group) can be regarded as desirable effect. It is concluded that MAH does not interfere with the enteral absorption of Fe-gluc when both electrolytes are orally administered together. Taking both electrolytes together instead of 2 to 3 h apart from each other, as actually recommended, means a less complicated dosage regimen and probably improves compliance.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 相互作用

硫酸亚铁（Fesofor；I）325毫克或葡萄糖酸亚铁（II）600毫克对甲基多巴（Aldomet；III）500毫克片剂吸收、代谢和血压控制的影响在12名正常志愿者（平均年龄，27.6岁）或5名高血压患者（平均年龄，64.8岁）中进行了评估，这些患者至少已经服用III一年。当I与III一起服用时，III以游离III形式排出的比例平均下降了49.5%对21.1%，以III硫酸盐形式排出的比例平均显著增加，37.8%对65.8%，III吸收的百分比下降，29.1%对7.88%。这些因素导致游离III排出的量减少了88%。为了确定不含硫酸的铁制剂的效果，研究用II重复进行，结果相同。在高血压患者中，4名患者的收缩压和舒张压均升高，停用I后所有患者的血压均下降。其中3名患者的血压升高幅度较大。

The effect of ferrous sulfate (Fesofor; I) 325 mg or ferrous gluconate (II) 600 mg on methyldopa (Aldomet; III) 500 mg tablet absorption, metabolism and blood pressure control was evaluated in 12 normal volunteers (mean age, 27.6 yr) or 5 hypertensive patients (mean age, 64.8 yr) who had been receiving III for at least one year. When I was taken with III there was a mean decrease in the proportion of III excreted as free III, 49.5% versus 21.1%, a significant mean increase in the proportion excreted as III sulfate, 37.8% versus 65.8%, and a decrease in the percentage of III absorbed, 29.1% versus 7.88%. These factors resulted in an 88% reduction in the quantity of free III excreted. To determine the effect of an iron preparation without sulfate, the study was repeated with II with the same results. In the hypertensive patients, there was an increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 4 patients and a decrease in blood pressure in all patients after I was discontinued. The increases in blood pressure were substantial in 3 of the patients.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

毒理性

• 解毒与急救

确保气道通畅、通气和循环。在患者有意摄入后进行洗胃，在摄入的元素铁含量超过20毫克/千克时进行阳性/肾-输尿管-膀胱/（KUB）X射线检查。不要使用碳酸氢钠或磷苏打。当儿童摄入多种维生素、元素铁的量小于20毫克/千克且KUB X射线检查为阴性时，仅观察通常就足够了。对于有症状的患者，给予20毫升/千克的等渗生理盐水。对严重中毒的患者订购血清铁水平、肌酐、电解质、血液血红蛋白浓度、血液凝血酶原时间、基础肝功能测试和动脉血气。活性炭无效。口服镁可能减少血清铁的吸收。

Ensure adequate airway, ventilation and circulation. Perform a gastric lavage in patients after intentional ingestion, a positive /kidney-ureter-bladder/ (KUB) radiography, and when the ingestion of elemental iron content exceeds 20 mg/kg . Do not use sodium bicarbonate or phosphosoda. Observation alone is usually sufficient when children have ingested multivitamins, the amount of elemental iron is less than 20 mg/kg and the KUB radiograph is negative. In symptomatic patients give a bolus of 20 mL/kg of isotonic normal saline. Order serum iron levels, creatinine, electrolytes, blood hemoglobin concentration, blood prothrombin time, baseline liver function tests, and arterial blood gases in seriously poisoned patients. Activated charcoal is ineffective. Oral magnesium may reduce serum iron absorption.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

这项工作中，研究了为食品强化设计的一种以甘氨酸稳定化的葡萄糖酸亚铁化合物（SFG）的铁生物利用率和大鼠的急性经口毒性，分别采用了预防方法和Wilcoxon方法。在前期研究中，SFG被均匀添加到低铁含量的基础饲料中，达到最终铁浓度为20.1 +/- 2.4 mg Fe/kg饲料。在实验室以类似方式准备了两种对照饲料：一种使用硫酸亚铁作为铁强化源的参考标准饲料（19.0 +/- 2.1 mg Fe/kg饲料），另一种是没有添加铁的控制饲料（9.3 +/- 1.4 mg Fe/kg饲料）。这些饲料被作为唯一的固体食物来源，给予三组断奶大鼠，持续23天。SFG的铁生物利用率是通过治疗期间动物血红蛋白中结合的铁质量与每只动物的总铁摄入量之间的关系来计算的。这个参数对于SFG来说是36.6 +/- 6.2%，而对于硫酸亚铁则是35.4 +/- 8.0%。

The iron bioavailability and acute oral toxicity in rats of a ferrous gluconate compound stabilized with glycine (SFG), designed for food fortification, was studied in this work by means of the prophylactic method and the Wilcoxon method, respectively. For the former studies, SFG was homogeneously added to a basal diet of low iron content, reaching a final iron concentration of 20.1 +/- 2.4 mg Fe/kg diet. A reference standard diet using ferrous sulfate as an iron-fortifying source (19.0 +/- 2.1 mg Fe/kg diet) and a control diet without iron additions (9.3 +/- 1.4 mg Fe/kg diet) were prepared in the laboratory in a similar way. These diets were administered to three different groups of weaning rats during 23 d as the only type of solid nourishment. The iron bioavailability of SFG was calculated as the relationship between the mass of iron incorporated into hemoglobin during the treatment and the total iron intake per animal. This parameter resulted in 36.6 +/- 6.2% for SFG, whereas a value of 35.4 +/- 8.0% was obtained for ferrous sulfate.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

吸收、分配和排泄

铁的胃肠道吸收是充足的，基本上等同于...硫酸亚铁、富马酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、琥珀酸盐、谷氨酸盐和乳酸盐的吸收。

Gastrointestinal absorption of iron is adequate and essentially equal from...ferrous...sulfate, fumarate, gluconate, succinate, glutamate, and lactate.

来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

• TSCA：
  Yes
• 安全说明：
  S22,S24/25
• WGK Germany：
  2
• 危险品运输编号：
  50kgs
• RTECS号：
  LZ5150000
• 海关编码：
  2918160000
• 危险性防范说明：
  P501,P270,P264,P301+P312+P330
• 危险性描述：
  H302

制备方法与用途

类别：有毒物质

毒性分级：中毒

急性毒性：

• 大鼠 LD50：4500 毫克/公斤（口服）
• 小鼠 LD50：3700 毫克/公斤（口服）

可燃性危险特性：可燃烧；火场产生有毒含氮氧化物和铁化物烟雾

储运特性：库房应保持低温、通风且干燥

灭火剂：水、二氧化碳、干粉、砂土

职业标准：

• 时间加权平均容许浓度（TWA）：1 毫克/立方米（铁）