Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food. It is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase (fumarate hydratase) to malate.
Acute Toxicity: Fumarate is also an endogenous electrophile and reacts spontaneously with cysteine residues in proteins by a Michael addition reaction to form S-(2-succinyl) cysteine, a process termed succination. Lachrymators such as fumarate are thought to act by attacking sulfhydryl functional groups in enzymes. One of the most probable protein targets is the TRPA1 ion channel that is expressed in sensory nerves (trigeminal nerve) of the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs.
Chronic Toxicity: Fumarate is increasingly being identified as an oncometabolite. Fumarase or fumarate hydratase (FH) is a tumor suppressor, whose mutation is associated with the development of leiomyomata, renal cysts, and tumors. Loss of FH enzymatic activity results in accumulation of intracellular fumarate which has been proposed to act as a competitive inhibitor of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases including the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) hydroxylases, thus activating oncogenic HIF pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also associated with FH deficiency. Fumarate hydratase-deficient cells and tumors have been shown to accumulate fumarate to very high levels with multiple consequences including the activation of oncogenic pathways (A15199). Fumarate (and succinate) inhibit the activity or function of other members of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase superfamily, including histone demethylase enzymes (HDMs) and the TET family of 5-methlycytosine (5mC) hydroxylases which are critical in epigenetic regulation of gene expression.. Fumarate accumulation may also affect cytosolic pathways by inhibiting the reactions involved in the biosynthesis of arginine and purine. More recently it has been found that fumarate promotes p65 phosphorylation and p65 accumulation at the HIF-1α promoter through non-canonical signaling via the upstream Tank Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1). Fumarate is also an endogenous electrophile and reacts spontaneously with cysteine residues in proteins by a Michael addition reaction to form S-(2-succinyl) cysteine, a process termed succination. Accumulation of cellular fumarate has been shown to correlate directly with an increase in succinated proteins. Targets for succination include the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, adiponectin, cytoskeletal proteins, and endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins. Furthermore, evidence suggests that succination of these proteins in cells may impair their functions.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
致癌物分类
未列入国际癌症研究机构(IARC)名录。已涉及致癌作用(A15088, A15092)。
Not listed by IARC. Has been implicated in oncogenesis (A15088, A15092).
Acute exposure to fumaric acid can cause skin redness (skin contact), cough or sore throat (inhalation), abdominal cramps, nausea and diarrhea (ingestion). Chronically high levels of fumaric acid are associated with at least 3 inborn errors of metabolism including: 2-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, Fumarase deficiency and Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. Fumarase deficiency causes encephalopathy, severe mental retardation, unusual facial features, brain malformation, and epileptic seizures. High intracellular fumaric acid levels are associated with the development of renal cancer, leiomyomata, renal cysts, and tumors.
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
暴露途径
内源性的,摄入,接触(皮肤和眼睛)
Endogenous, ingestion, contact (skin and eyes)
来源:Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB)
毒理性
症状
急性暴露于富马酸可能会导致眼睛和皮肤刺激、咳嗽或喉咙痛(吸入)、腹部绞痛、恶心和腹泻(摄入)。
Acute exposure to fumaric acid can cause eye and skin irritation, cough or sore throat (inhalation), abdominal cramps, nausea and diarrhea (ingestion).
The total activity of labeled carbon dioxide in the blood entering and leaving the brain was determined following a single injection of fumarate-2-(14)C in four normal human subjects. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously from the femoral artery and the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. Also, cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected. Evidence from the experiments indicates that there was an immmediate formation of (14)CO2 by the brain after injection of the isotope. It suggests that fumarate penetrates the blood-brain barrier with little difficulty.
1.周国泰,化学危险品安全技术全书,化学工业出版社,1997 2.国家环保局有毒化学品管理办公室、北京化工研究院合编,化学品毒性法规环境数据手册,中国环境科学出版社.1992 3.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,CHEMINFO Database.1998 4.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, RTECS Database, 1989
Imidazoline derivatives as alpha-1A adrenoceptor ligands
申请人:Bigham Eric Cleveland
公开号:US06884801B1
公开(公告)日:2005-04-26
Compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof are disclosed. Such compounds are useful in the treatment of Alpha-1A mediated diseases or conditions such as urinary incontinence.
The present invention relates to novel compounds of formula (I), and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions containing them.
The present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of above said novel compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The compounds of formula (I) are useful in the treatment of various disorders that are related to 5-HT
4
receptors.
[EN] INDAZOLE COMPOUNDS AS 5-HT4 RECEPTOR AGONISTS<br/>[FR] COMPOSÉS D'INDAZOLE EN TANT QU'AGONISTES DE RÉCEPTEUR DE 5-HT4
申请人:SUVEN LIFE SCIENCES LTD
公开号:WO2015092804A1
公开(公告)日:2015-06-25
The present invention relates to novel indazole compounds of the Formula (I), wherein, R1 is alkyl or cycloalkyl; (Formula II) including their stereoisomers and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. This invention also relates to methods of making such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. The compounds of this invention are useful in the treatment of various disorders that are related to 5-Hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonists
The development of a complementary pathway for the synthesis of aliskiren
作者:Le-Le Li、Jin-Ying Ding、Lian-Xun Gao、Fu-She Han
DOI:10.1039/c4ob01963f
日期:——
The synthesis of aliskiren (1), a recently marketed drug for the treatment of hypertension, is presented. The focus of our synthetic effort is to develop an efficient pathway for the synthesis of (2S,7R,E)-2-isopropyl-7-(4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy) benzyl)-N,N,8-trimethylnon-4-enamide (2a), which has been used as the advanced intermediate toward aliskiren. After an extensive investigation of three