Alpha-pinene appears as a clear colorless liquid with a turpentine odor. Flash point 91°F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used as a solvent.
The urinary excretion of verbenols after inhalation of alpha-pinene enantiomers was studied. Healthy male subjects were exposed to 10, 225, or 450 mg/cu m (+)alpha-pinene or 450 mg/cu m (-)alpha-pinene for 2 hr while performing light exercise. Exhaled air samples were collected after exposure, and urine samples were obtained before and after pinene exposure. Respiratory elimination of both pinenes was similar; at a concn of 450 mg/cu m, 7.7% of the total uptake of (+)alpha-pinene and 7.5% of the total uptake of (-)alpha-pinene was eliminated. Urinary excretion of verbenol 4 hr after exposure to (+)alpha-pinene ranged from 1.7% at 450 mg/cu m to 3.8% at a dose of 10 mg/cu m. Urinary excretion of (-)alpha-pinene was similar. A semilogarithmic plot of the excretion data suggested the existence of more than one rate constant for the elimination of (+)alpha-pinene and (-)alpha-pinene. Most of the verbenols were eliminated within 20 hr after a 2 hr exposure. The renal excretion of unchanged alpha-pinene was less than 0.001%. The determination of urinary verbenols may be useful as a biological exposure index for exposure to terpenes.
The biotransformation of (+)-, (-)-, and (+-)-alpha-pinenes, (-)-beta-pinene (nopinene), (-)-cis-pinane, (+)-3-carene, (-)-cis-carane, myrcene, and p-cymene in rabbits was investigated. The major metabolites were as follows: (-)-trans-verbenol from (+)-, (-)-, and (+/-)-alpha-pinenes; (-)-10-pinanol and (-)-1-p-menthene-7,8-diol from (-)-beta-pinene; (-)-alpha-terpineol and (-)-trans-sobrerol from (-)-cis-pinane; (-)-m-mentha-4,6-dien-8-ol, 3-caren-9-ol, (-)-3-carene-9-carboxylic acid, and 3-carene-9,10-dicarboxylic acid from (+)-3-carene; carane-9,10-dicarboxylic acid from (-)-cis-carane; and myrcene-3(10)-glycol, myrcene-1,2-glycol, uroterpenol, and p-cymene-9-carboxylic acid from p-cymene. These metabolisms include allylic oxidation, epoxidation, stereoselective gem-dimethyl hydroxylation and its oxidation, cleavage of a conjugated double bond by epoxidation, and regioselective oxidation, some of which are not found usually in chemical reactions, and due to which various new compounds were determined. This biotransformation of the monoterpene hydrocarbons gave some insect pheromones in high yield.
Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome
Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.
Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.
ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
毒理性
副作用
神经毒素 - 急性溶剂综合症
Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
毒理性
毒性数据
LCLo(大鼠)= 0.625 毫克/立方米
LCLo (rat) = 0.625 mg/m3
来源:Haz-Map, Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. /Turpentine, terpenes, and related compounds/
The toxicokinetics of alpha-pinene (a-pinene) were studied in humans. The study group consisted of eight healthy males, average age 31 years. They were exposed to 0, 10, 225, or 450 mg/cu m (+)-alpha-pinene or 450 mg/cu m (-)-alpha-pinene for 2 hr in an inhalation chamber. During exposure they exercised on a cycle ergometer at the rate 50 watts. Average pulmonary uptake of (+)-alpha-pinene and (-)-alpha-pinene amounted to 59% of the exposure concn. Absolute uptake increased linearly with concn. Blood alpha-pinene concn increased rapidly at first then tapered off. Mean blood concn at the end of exposure were linearly related to inhaled concn. Elimination of alpha-pinene from the blood was triphasic. Half times for elimination of inhaled (+)-alpha-pinene from the blood during the three phases were 4.8, 39, and 695 minutes. Elimination half times fo (-)-alpha-pinene were 5.6, 40, and 555 minutes. Cumulative urinary excretion of unchanged alpha-pinene amounted to less than 0.001% of each dose. Respiratory elimination of (+)-alpha-pinene and (-)-alpha-pinene was 7.7 and 7.5% of total uptake, respectively. Five subjects complained of eye, nose, and throat irritation. No exposure related changes in lung function were seen. At the concn tested the capacity of the liver to metabolize alpha-pinene is not exceeded. (+)-alpha-Pinene and (-)-alpha-pinene show similar pharmacokinetic behavior. alpha-Pinene is readily metabolized and elimination of unchanged alpha-pinene is very low.
... Eight male volunteers were exposed to 450 mg/cu m turpentine by inhalation (2 hr, 50 W) in an exposure chamber. ...The mean relative uptakes of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene were 62%, 66%, and 68% respectively, of the amount supplied. Between 2% and 5% of the net uptake was excreted unchanged in the expired air after the end of exposure. The mean blood clearance 21 hours after exposure (CL21hr) of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and 3-carene, were 0.8, 0.5, and 0.4 l.per kg per hr, respectively. The mean half lives (t1/2) of the last phase of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene averaged 32, 25, and 42 hours, respectively. The t1/2s agreed with previously calculated half lives from single exposures. The total blood clearance CL21hr of 3-carene found in this turpentine study was lower, and CL4hr of 3-carene was significantly lower than the values obtained from similar exposure to pure 3-carene. The subjects attending both exposure to turpentine and to pure alpha-pinene at 450 mg/cu m had lower CL4hr during the exposure to turpentine ... Toxicokinetics ... show small, if any, interactions between alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene...
Following immersion of young pigs & one human subject for 30 minutes in baths containing 150 mL of a pine-oil mixture (Fichtennadel-Latschenkieferol Kneipp) in 450 L of water, alpha- & beta-pinene & limonene (components of Latschenkieferol) were detected in exhaled air within 20 minutes reaching maximum levels 50-75 minutes after start of the bath & remaining detectable after 1 day.
Effective Aerobic Allylic Oxidation of β-ionone and Series of Olefins Catalyzed by Phosphomolybdic Acid
作者:Chang-Hui Liu、Fei Li、Rui-Ren Tang
DOI:10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.6.1723
日期:2010.6.20
attention in both academia and industry due to their unique properties owing to their specific acidity, redox, high reactive selectivity, tunable catalytic ability and environmentally benign and a variety of synthetically useful transformations have been achieved in the oxidation of alco-hols,
Enantiomeric Z- and E-crotyldiisopinocampheylboranes. Synthesis in high optical purity of all four possible stereoisomers of .beta.-methylhomoallyl alcohols
作者:Herbert C. Brown、Krishna S. Bhat
DOI:10.1021/ja00262a017
日期:1986.1
Synthese des 4 stereoisomeres du methyl-3 pentene-4 ol-2 par reaction de (butene-2 diisopinocamphenyl) borane avec l'acetaldehyde
Synthese des 4stereoisomeres dumethyl-3 pentene-4 ol-2 par 反应 de (butene-2 diisopinocamphenyl) borane avec l'acetaldehyde
Process for preparing cycloaliphatic monoterpenic alcohols
申请人:Lever Brothers Company
公开号:US03956404A1
公开(公告)日:1976-05-11
A process for preparing trans-carveol and perillyl alcohol comprising the oxidation respectively of alpha-pinene and beta-pinene by benzoyl peroxide using a catalyst comprising cuprous/cupric ions, to form the respective benzoate esters, followed by hydrolysis and purification of the resulting alcohols.
Disclosed are novel diphosphonic acids and diphosphonic acid esters of para-menthane which may be prepared by reacting .alpha.-pinene or .beta.-pinene with a dialkyl hydrogen phosphite under effective free-radical conditions. These products are potentially useful as flame retardants and are useful as treating agents for improving the pigmentary properties of pigmentary titanium dioxide in thermoplastic formulations.
An improved process for preparing either optically pure enantiomer of the bark beetle pheromones ipsenol and ipsdienol is provided. The process is also applicable to the condensation of aldehydes of widely varying properties to the corresponding chiral alcohol.