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四氢呋喃 | 109-99-9

中文名称
四氢呋喃
中文别名
氧化四亚甲基;1,4-环氧丁烷;无水四氢呋喃;四氢化氧杂茂;氧戊环;氧杂环戊烷
英文名称
tetrahydrofuran
英文别名
Tetrahydrofurane;THF;oxolane
四氢呋喃化学式
CAS
109-99-9
化学式
C4H8O
mdl
——
分子量
72.1069
InChiKey
WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
BEILSTEIN
——
EINECS
——
  • 物化性质
  • 计算性质
  • ADMET
  • 安全信息
  • SDS
  • 制备方法与用途
  • 上下游信息
  • 反应信息
  • 文献信息
  • 表征谱图
  • 同类化合物
  • 相关功能分类
  • 相关结构分类

物化性质

  • 熔点:
    -108°C
  • 沸点:
    66 °C
  • 密度:
    0.887 g/mL at 20 °C
  • 蒸气密度:
    2.5 (vs air)
  • 闪点:
    >230 °F
  • 溶解度:
    可溶于水
  • 最大波长(λmax):
    λ: 245 nm Amax: ≤0.26λ: 275 nm Amax: ≤0.046λ: 315 μm Amax: ≤0.0044
  • 介电常数:
    11.6(-70℃)
  • 暴露限值:
    TLV-TWA 200 ppm (590 mg/m3) (ACGIH, MSHA, and OSHA); STEL 250 ppm (ACGIH); IDLH 20,000 ppm (NIOSH).
  • LogP:
    0.45 at 25℃
  • 物理描述:
    Tetrahydrofuran appears as a clear colorless liquid with an ethereal odor. Less dense than water. Flash point 6°F. Vapors are heavier than air.
  • 颜色/状态:
    Colorless, mobile liquid
  • 气味:
    Ether-like odor
  • 味道:
    PUNGENT TASTE
  • 蒸汽密度:
    2.5 (NTP, 1992) (Relative to Air)
  • 蒸汽压力:
    Vapor pressure = 0.06 atm at 0 °C, 0.11 atm at 10 °C, 0.173 atm at 20 °C, 0.26 atm at 30 °C
  • 亨利常数:
    Henry's Law constant = 7.05X10-5 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C
  • 大气OH速率常数:
    1.61e-11 cm3/molecule*sec
  • 稳定性/保质期:
    1. 无色透明液体,带有类似醚的气味。能与混溶,并且与形成的共沸混合物能够溶解醋酸纤维素咖啡因生物碱,其溶解性能优于单独使用四氢呋喃的效果。一般的有机溶剂如乙醇乙醚、脂肪烃、芳香烃化烃等在四氢呋喃中都能很好地溶解。该物质在空气中容易与氧化合生成爆炸性的过氧化物,在常温下易着火,对属无腐蚀性,但可侵蚀许多塑料和橡胶。由于沸点和闪点较低,贮存时需注意空气中的氧能与其作用生成有爆炸性的过氧化物。在光照或无条件下,过氧化物更易于形成。因此,通常会加入0.05%~1%的对苯二酚间苯二酚、对甲苯酚或亚盐等还原性物质作为抗氧化剂,以抑制过氧化物的生成。操作人员应穿戴防护用具。

    2. 化学性质:该物质在空气中由于自氧化作用会产生爆炸性的过氧化物。使用硝酸进行氧化时会生成丁二酸,在氧化铝催化下于300~400℃与反应可得到吡咯烷,而于400℃与硫化氢反应则能产生四氢噻吩。在氯化锌存在的情况下,受酸或酰的作用容易开环生成1,4-丁二醇和1,4-二卤化物;在光的影响下常温下会进行化生成2,3-二氯四氢呋喃,其第二位的原子非常活泼,可以被烷氧基、乙酸基或Grignard试剂中的烷基直接取代。使用酸式磷酸盐为催化剂时,在270℃可使四氢呋喃生成丁二烯;在加热条件下与氯化氢气体反应会重排成4-氯丁醇,而三氯化铝存在下则能定量生成丁醇

    3. 稳定性:稳定

    4. 禁配物:酸类、碱、强氧化剂和氧

    5. 避免接触的条件:光照和空气

    6. 聚合危害:聚合

  • 自燃温度:
    321 °C (610 °F)
  • 分解:
    When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke & irritating fumes.
  • 粘度:
    0.53 cP at 20 °C
  • 腐蚀性:
    Tetrahydrofuran will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.
  • 燃烧热:
    -14,990 BTU/lb = -8330 cal/g = -348.8X10+5 J/kg
  • 汽化热:
    180 BTU/lb= 98.1 cal/g= 4.1X10+5 J/kg
  • 表面张力:
    26.4 dynes/cm at 25 °C
  • 电离电位:
    9.45 eV
  • 聚合:
    Hazardous polymerization may occur.
  • 气味阈值:
    Odor Threshold Low: 0.09 [mmHg]; Odor Threshold High: 61.0 [mmHg]; Detection odor threshold from AIHA (mean = 31 ppm)
  • 折光率:
    Index of refraction: 1.4050 at 20 °C/D
  • 解离常数:
    pKa = -2.08
  • 相对蒸发率:
    8 (Butyl acetate = 1)
  • 保留指数:
    617 ;630 ;626 ;609 ;610 ;620 ;622 ;626 ;629 ;619 ;636 ;612.5 ;620 ;613.7 ;614.3 ;615 ;615 ;638 ;608 ;612 ;627 ;615 ;638 ;618

计算性质

  • 辛醇/水分配系数(LogP):
    0.5
  • 重原子数:
    5
  • 可旋转键数:
    0
  • 环数:
    1.0
  • sp3杂化的碳原子比例:
    1.0
  • 拓扑面积:
    9.2
  • 氢给体数:
    0
  • 氢受体数:
    1

ADMET

代谢
体外研究...表明THF首先被微粒体酶羟基化,然后在细胞质的存在下进一步裂解为直链脂肪酸
In vitro studies ... indicated that THF was first hydroxylated by the microsomal enzymes and further cleaved to the straight chain fatty acid in the presence of cytosol.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 毒性总结
人类毒性:关于四氢呋喃(THF)对人类毒性的数据相当有限。人类可能的口服致死剂量为50-500毫克/千克。在测试THF的药理特性以及技术人员进行动物实验时,报告了严重的枕部头痛。预期在暴露于2.5%浓度的THF后会发生毒性(TCLo)。动物毒性:动物研究表明,THF仅通过急性暴露为“中等毒性”,口服途径报告的最低LD50为1900-2900毫克/千克。吸入的中位致死浓度随暴露时间的延长而变化,但在1小时或更短的暴露时间内,所有物种的浓度均大于20,000 ppm。动物研究的报告记录,皮肤和粘膜(包括眼睛、鼻子和上呼吸道)的刺激是低浓度暴露(约100-200 ppm)的主要效应。高急性剂量(约25,000 ppm)产生麻醉,诱导和恢复期延迟,伴有血压下降和强烈的呼吸刺激。麻醉与死亡之间的安全余地很小。记录的其他影响是长期暴露于THF平(>1000 ppm)后对肝脏、肾脏和肺的损害。毒性的表现随暴露途径的不同而有所变化,吸入THF观察到上呼吸道的刺激,口服摄入后出现胃肠道的炎症。关于致癌性的唯一报告是对小鼠皮肤肿瘤的测试,其中每周两次将THF应用于皮肤,进行25次暴露,观察期为17.5个月。未观察到致癌效应。使用 Ames 测试测试 THF 的致突变性时为阴性;然而,它似乎增强了某些色酸-吡咯物质的致突变性。没有提供关于代谢、吸收和分布的信息。关于排泄的唯一报告是在母乳中发现了THF。
HUMAN TOXICITY: Data pertaining to the toxicity of tetrahydrofuran (THF) in humans is quite limited. The probable oral lethal dose in humans is 50-500 mg/kg. Severe occipital headaches were reported in the testing for pharmacological properties of THF & among technicians performing animal experiments. Toxicity (TCLo) is expected following exposure to a 2.5% concn of THF. ANIMAL TOXICITY: Animal studies indicate that THF is only "MODERATELY TOXIC" from acute exposure with the lowest reported LD50's of 1900-2900 mg/kg by oral route. Median lethal concns by inhalation varied with the duration of exposure but were >20,000 ppm with all species for exposures of 1 hr or less. Reports of animal studies document irritation of the skin & mucous membranes, including the eyes, nose, & upper respiratory tract, as the predominant effect from lower exposures (about 100-200 ppm). High acute doses (about 25,000 ppm) produced anesthesia with delayed induction & recovery periods, accompanied by a fall in blood pressure & strong respiratory stimulation. The margin of safety between anesthesia & death is small. Other effects recorded are those of damage to liver, kidneys, & lung after prolonged exposures to levels of THF >1000 ppm. Toxic manifestations varied somewhat with the route of exposure with irritation of upper respiratory tract observed with inhaled THF & inflammation of the GI tract following oral ingestion. The only report on carcinogenicity is that of a test for skin tumors in which THF was applied to the skin of mice twice/wk for 25 exposures with an observation period of 17.5 months. No carcinogenic effect was observed. THF was negative when tested for mutagenicity using the Ames test; however, it would appear to enhance the mutagenicity of certain tryptophan-pyrolysate substances. No information is presented on metabolism, absorption, & distribution. The only report on excretion is the finding of THF in mother's milk.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 致癌性证据
A3; 已确认的动物致癌物,对人类的相关性未知。
A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
毒理性
  • 致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构致癌物:四氢呋喃
IARC Carcinogenic Agent:Tetrahydrofuran
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
毒理性
  • 致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构(IARC)致癌物分类:2B组:可能对人类致癌
IARC Carcinogenic Classes:Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
毒理性
  • 致癌物分类
国际癌症研究机构专著:第119卷:(2019年)一些在啮齿动物中引起尿路肿瘤的化学物质
IARC Monographs:Volume 119: (2019) Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Urinary Tract in Rodents
来源:International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
吸收、分配和排泄
在大鼠的三个不同吸入实验中测定了各种器官中的四氢呋喃(THF)平以及排泄率:1)30分钟暴露于45毫克/升(15,000 ppm);2)每天30分钟,连续7天暴露于45毫克/升(15,000 ppm);3)每天1小时,每周5天,连续12周暴露于9毫克/升(3000 ppm)。结果:1)暴露结束后立即观察到以下THF浓度顺序:血液>大脑>肾脏>心脏>肝脏>脾脏>肺。肺中的浓度最低:200毫克/千克,其他器官:480-600毫克/千克(呼出空气中的最大排泄)。1小时后,70-80%已被排出器官;其余部分在12-13小时内缓慢消失。2)在最后一次暴露后直接,最低值是130-300微克/千克,与单次暴露相同。初始阶段的排泄在1或3小时后THF浓度较高时较弱。6小时后,排泄率与单次暴露研究相似。3)在最后一次暴露后直接,THF浓度最高的是胸腺(160微克/千克)和脾脏(110微克/千克),其他器官为60-100微克/千克。胸腺在6小时后也具有器官中最高的浓度;肺和其他器官的浓度相似(表明呼出排泄减少);THF的完全排泄在大约12小时内,与1)和2)相同。结论:组织平取决于呼出空气中的THF浓度。最大的排泄发生在呼出空气中。/从德语翻译/
THF levels in various organs as well as excretion rates were determined in three different inhalation experiments in rats: 1) 30 min exposure to 45 mg/L (15,000 ppm); 2) 30 min/day, 7 day exposure to 45 mg/L (15,000 ppm); 3) 1 hr/day, 5 days/week, 12 weeks exposure to 9 mg/L (3000 ppm). Results: 1) Immediately after the completion of the exposure the following order of THF concentrations were seen: blood > brain > kidneys > heart > liver > spleen > lung. The lowest concentration was in the lung: 200 mg/kg, in the other organs: 480-600 mg/kg (maximum excretion in exhaled air). After 1 hr 70-80% had been excreted from the organs; the remainder slowly disappeared over 12-13 hr. 2) Directly after the final exposure, the lowest value was 130-300 ug/kg as in the single exposure. Excretion in the initial phase was weaker with higher THF concentrations after 1 or 3 hr. After 6 hr the excretion rate was similar to the single exposure study. 3) Directly after the last exposure the highest THF concentration was in the thymus (160 ug/kg) and spleen (110 ug/kg), 60-100 ug/kg in the other organs. The thymus also had the highest concentration of the organs after 6 hr; the concentrations in the lungs and other organs were similar (an indication of reduced exhaled excretion); complete excretion of THF was in about 12 hr as in 1) and 2). Conclusion: tissue levels are dependent on THF-concentrations in exhaled air. Greatest excretion occurs in exhaled air. /Translated from German/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
将300 mg/kg四氢呋喃(THF)作为10%的溶液单次口服给予大鼠(未给出品系和性别)。在给药后10-300分钟处死动物,并测定肝脏、肾脏、大脑、脾脏、肌肉、脂肪组织和血液中的THF浓度(凝胶柱,质谱)。血液中THF的最高值在给药后1小时(约为200 mg/kg)。血液中的生物半衰期为5小时。脂肪组织和肾脏中的THF浓度比血液中高1.3-1.4倍;肝脏、大脑、脾脏和肌肉中的平与血液相似。在两只兔子口服700 mg/kg后,也发现了相似的浓度平(半衰期为4-6小时;THF(脂肪组织)/THF(血液)比例为1.4,其余器官的比例为0.5-0.9)。在第二项大鼠实验中,再次使用了300 mg/kg的剂量。测量了血液中的THF浓度24小时。它在给药后1.5-2小时迅速上升到最大值150 mg/kg;此后,它逐渐下降,在24小时内降至零。血液中的生物半衰期:7.5小时。/从德语翻译/
A single oral application of 300 mg/kg THF as a 10% aqueous solution was given to rats (strain and sex not given). The animals were killed 10-300 min following application and the THF concentration in liver, kidneys, brain, spleen, muscle, adipose tissue, and blood determined (gel column, mass spectroscopy). The highest THF value in the blood was at 1 hr post-application (about 200 mg/kg). The biological half-life in blood was 5 hr. THF concentrations in adipose tissue and kidneys were 1.3-1.4 times higher than in blood; levels in liver, brain, spleen, and muscle were similar to blood. Comparable levels were found in two rabbits after oral application of 700 mg/kg (half-life 4-6 hr; THF(adipose tissue)/THF(blood) ratio 1.4, ratio for remaining organs 0.5-0.9). In a second experiment with rats, 300 mg/kg doses were again used. THF concentration in blood was measured over 24 hr. It climbed rapidly to a maximum of 150 mg/kg 1.5-2 hr post-application; thereafter it declined gradually to null over 24 hr. Biological half-life in blood: 7.5 hr. /Translated from German/
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
四氢呋喃在12份收集于新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和路易斯安那4个城市的母乳样本中的1份中被报告有排出。
Excretion of tetrahydrofuran in mother's milk reported in 1 of 12 samples collected in 4 urban areas in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Louisiana.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)
吸收、分配和排泄
接触四氢呋喃蒸汽的成年雄性大鼠,剂量为8.2微摩尔/升(200 ppm)、41微摩尔/升(1,000 ppm)或82微摩尔/升(2,000 ppm),每周5天,每天6小时,持续2至18周,显示出剂量依赖性的大脑和肾周脂肪溶剂负荷,两者之间线性相关。接触两周后,四氢呋喃的体内负荷似乎有所减少。这可能是由于氧化代谢增加,因为在第二周及以后,检测到肝脏和肾脏中7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶活性增强。最高剂量的接触还导致肝脏中醇脱氢酶和甲醛脱氢酶活性受到抑制。在小脑中没有检测到生化效应,而臀部肌肉标本显示出与剂量相关的琥珀酸脱氢酶活性增加。这表明对能量代谢有影响。肌肉乙酰胆碱酯酶活性也增加,表明可能对神经肌肉接头有影响。
Adult male rats exposed to tetrahydrofuran vapor at 8.2 (200 ppm), 41 (1,000 ppm) or 82 mumol/l (2,000 ppm) for 2 to 18 weeks, five days a week, 6 hrs daily, showed dose-dependent brain and perirenal fat solvent burden linearly correlated to each other. After two weeks of exposure, the body burden of tetrahydrofuran seems to decrease. This might have been caused by increased oxidative metabolism as enhanced 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase activity was detected in liver and kidneys in the second week and onwards. The exposure also caused inhibition of alcohol and formaldehyde dehydrogenase activities in liver at the highest dose. Biochemical effects in the cerebellum were not detected, while gluteal muscle specimens showed increased succinate dehydrogenase activity in a dose-related manner. This points to effects on the energy metabolism. Muscle acetylcholine esterase activity was also increased showing possible effects on the myoneural junctions.
来源:Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)

安全信息

  • 职业暴露等级:
    A
  • 职业暴露限值:
    TWA: 200 ppm (590 mg/m3), STEL: 250 ppm (735 mg/m3)
  • TSCA:
    Yes
  • 危险等级:
    3
  • 立即威胁生命和健康浓度:
    2,000 ppm [10% LEL]
  • 安全说明:
    S16,S26,S29,S33,S36
  • 危险品运输编号:
    UN 2924 3/PG 2
  • WGK Germany:
    1
  • 海关编码:
    2932110000
  • 危险类别:
    3
  • 危险品标志:
    F
  • 危险类别码:
    R19,R11,R36/37
  • RTECS号:
    MD0916000
  • 包装等级:
    II
  • 危险标志:
    GHS02,GHS07,GHS08
  • 危险性描述:
    H225,H302,H319,H335,H351
  • 危险性防范说明:
    P210,P280,P301 + P312 + P330,P305 + P351 + P338,P370 + P378,P403 + P235
  • 储存条件:
    储存注意事项: - 通常商品会添加稳定剂。 - 储存于阴凉、通风的库房,远离火种、热源。 - 库温不宜超过29℃。 - 包装要求密封,不可与空气接触。 - 应与氧化剂、酸类、碱类等分开存放,切忌混储。 - 采用防爆型照明和通风设施。 - 禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。 - 储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。

SDS

SDS:43d66bdadff6a78c84afea38273578be
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第一部分:化学品名称

制备方法与用途

四氢呋喃是一种有机化合物,具有以下特点:

  1. 化学性质

    • 四氢呋喃是无色透明液体,有轻微的醚香味。
    • 它是良好的溶剂,能溶解多种有机物和无机物。
    • 具有一定的挥发性和易燃性。
  2. 生产方法

    • 早期主要以糖醛为原料通过脱、加氢反应制备四氢呋喃
    • 现代工业化生产主要有丁二醇催化脱环化法、顺酐催化加氢法和1,4-二丁烯解加氢法制得等。
  3. 毒性与安全

    • 四氢呋喃具有一定的毒性,长期接触可能对人体健康造成影响。
    • 具有可燃性和易爆性,在空气中可以形成爆炸性混合物。
  4. 使用注意事项

    • 在储存和运输时应避免高温、明火以及氧化剂等强氧化物质的接触。
    • 应在通风良好的环境下操作,并佩戴适当的个人防护装备以防止吸入或皮肤吸收造成的伤害。
  5. 工业应用

    • 四氢呋喃广泛应用于有机合成、医药中间体生产等领域,也是许多化学品的重要原料之一。

总结来说,四氢呋喃是一种多功能溶剂,在化学工业中有重要用途,但也需要谨慎管理和使用以确保安全。

上下游信息

  • 上游原料
    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 分子量
    • 1
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    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 分子量