糖类化合物
糖类化合物是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的有机物，在化学结构上表现为多羟基醛酮及其衍生物的聚合物。这些物质广泛存在于植物界，是植物体的主要组成成分之一，在植物的生理和生化过程中发挥着重要作用。
根据其结构的不同，糖类可以分为单糖（如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖等）、双糖（如蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等）以及多糖（如淀粉、肝糖元、肌糖元等）。单糖是最简单的碳水化合物，它们是不能进一步被水解的含有多个羟基的醛或酮，习惯上称为醛糖和酮糖。例如，葡萄糖是一种己醛糖，果糖则为己酮糖，核糖则是戊醛糖。一般而言，单糖中的碳原子数目不超过10个，在自然界中主要存在的单糖是5至6个碳原子的化合物。
双糖是由两个分子的单糖结合后脱去一分子水形成的；而多糖是由数百乃至数千个葡萄糖分子组成的聚合物。当多糖被彻底水解时，会生成数千个单糖分子。典型的例子包括淀粉和纤维素等。
糖类化合物与人类生活息息相关，是人体获取能量的主要来源之一。此外，它们在药物领域也扮演着重要角色，例如病人可能需要使用葡萄糖注射液或右旋糖酐进行血浆制剂，而某些中药中的糖类成分如茯苓次聚糖、猪苓多糖和香菇多糖具有抗癌活性。
糖是绿色植物光合作用的主要产物之一，并且是维持动植物生命活动所需能量的重要来源。此外，它们也是人类饮食中不可或缺的组成部分，在工业上更是扮演着重要角色，应用于建筑、造纸、制药及食品等多个领域。近年来，关于糖类化合物的研究呈现出两个主要方向：一是化学家致力于人工合成糖类化合物以长远考虑社会的发展需求；二是探索糖与生命过程之间的关系，揭示在生物体内糖与其他分子如蛋白质和核酸的相互作用机制。
随着科学技术的进步，人们对糖类化合物的认识也在不断深入。未来，这些研究有望为人类提供新的食品来源及药物开发方向。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 7-((2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy)-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one | 36476-29-6 | C18H21NO8 |
|
| —— | DL-xylose | 9000-69-5 | C5H10O5 |
|
| —— | beta-D-Fructopyranose, 2,3:4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)- | 20880-92-6 | C12H20O6 |
|
| —— | diacetone galactose | 4064-06-6 | C12H20O6 |
|
| —— | rhamnose | 75247-25-5 | C6H12O5 |
|
| —— | 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-one | 7506-65-2 | C6H10O6 |
|
| —— | Phenyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside | 2936-70-1 | C12H16O5S |
|
| —— | cellohexaose | 34620-77-4 | C36H62O31 |
|
| —— | 2-Hydroxymethyl-3,6,8-trioxa-4-oxo-7,7-dimethyl bicyclo[3.3.0] octane | 30725-00-9 | C8H12O5 |
|
| —— | (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-phenoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol | 4630-62-0 | C12H16O6 |
|
| —— | 2-methyl 3,4-dihydroxydihydropyran diacetate | 34819-86-8 | C10H14O5 |
|
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-naphthalen-2-yloxyoxane-3,4,5-triol | 33993-25-8 | C16H18O6 |
|
| —— | Lyxopyranose, tetraacetate | 4049-34-7 | C13H18O9 |
|
| —— | (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(4-aminophenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 5094-33-7 | C12H17NO6 |
|
| —— | 1,4-beta-D-Xylobiose;1,4-D-Xylobiose | 6860-47-5 | C10H18O9 |
|
| —— | alpha-D-Galactopyranuronosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-galactopyranuronosyl-(1->4)-D-galacturonic acid | 6037-45-2 | C18H26O19 |
|
| —— | N-[2-ethoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide | 2495-96-7 | C10H19NO6 |
|
| —— | 1,4-di-o-tosyl-2,3-isopropylidene-D-threitol | 37002-45-2 | C21H26O8S2 |
|
| —— | LacNAc | 32181-59-2 | C14H25NO11 |
|
| —— | Biozan R | 11138-66-2 | C36H58O29P2 |
|
| —— | 2-Hexoxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 59080-45-4 | C12H24O6 |
|
| —— | 1,4-sorbitan | 12441-09-7 | C6H12O5 |
|
| —— | 1-(4-{[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propan-1-one | 20702-77-6 | C28H36O15 |
|
| —— | β-ribofuranose 1,2,3,5-tetraacetate | 13035-61-5 | C13H18O9 |
|
| —— | galacto-heptulose | 3615-44-9 | C7H14O7 |
|
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxyoxane-3,4,5-triol | 97-30-3 | C7H14O6 |
|
| —— | trehalose | 99-20-7 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | Diacetone L-sorbose | 17682-70-1 | C12H20O6 |
|
| —— | γ-cyclodextrin | 17465-86-0 | C48H80O40 |
|
| —— | b-D-Fructofuranosyl-(2->1)-b-D-fructofuranosyl-(2->1)-b-D-fructofuranosyl a-D-glucopyranoside, 9CI | 13133-07-8 | C24H42O21 |
|
| —— | methyl N-[5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-5-[3-amino-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2-[5-amino-6-[5-amino-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]carbamate | 9012-76-4 | C56H103N9O39 |
|
| —— | (2R,3R,4R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal | 34620-76-3 | C30H52O26 |
|
| —— | [(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] acetate | 13100-46-4 | C14H20O10 |
|
| —— | 1,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexan-2-one | 17606-72-3 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | Melibiose | 585-99-9 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | sucrose | 57-50-1 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | 2-Ethylsulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 7473-36-1 | C8H16O5S |
|
| —— | N-[5-[3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide | 35061-50-8 | C16H28N2O11 |
|
| —— | Hex(?1-4)[Hex(?1-6)]Hex(?1-4)Hex | 119400-89-4 | C24H42O21 |
|
| —— | 2-Butoxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 25320-93-8 | C10H20O6 |
|
| —— | 2-[6-[6-[6-[6-[4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 34620-78-5 | C42H72O36 |
|
| —— | N-Acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester | 50998-13-5 | C12H21NO9 |
|
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 497-76-7 | C12H16O7 |
|
| —— | 1,2-O-(1-Methylethylidene) Hexofuranose | 18549-40-1 | C9H16O6 |
|
| —— | Levoglucosan, triacetate | 13242-55-2 | C12H16O8 |
|
| —— | D-Glucose, 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl- | 585-99-9 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol | 33401-87-5 | C18H32O16 |
|
| —— | 6-Bromo-2-naphthalenyl-b-D-mannopyranoside | 28541-84-6 | C16H17BrO6 |
|
| —— | beta-D-Glucopyranoside, 2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl | 138-52-3 | C13H18O7 |
|
| —— | 3,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one | 492-30-8 | C6H10O5 |
|
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