糖类化合物是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的有机物,在化学结构上表现为多羟基醛酮及其衍生物的聚合物。这些物质广泛存在于植物界,是植物体的主要组成成分之一,在植物的生理和生化过程中发挥着重要作用。
根据其结构的不同,糖类可以分为单糖(如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖等)、双糖(如蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等)以及多糖(如淀粉、肝糖元、肌糖元等)。单糖是最简单的碳水化合物,它们是不能进一步被水解的含有多个羟基的醛或酮,习惯上称为醛糖和酮糖。例如,葡萄糖是一种己醛糖,果糖则为己酮糖,核糖则是戊醛糖。一般而言,单糖中的碳原子数目不超过10个,在自然界中主要存在的单糖是5至6个碳原子的化合物。
双糖是由两个分子的单糖结合后脱去一分子水形成的;而多糖是由数百乃至数千个葡萄糖分子组成的聚合物。当多糖被彻底水解时,会生成数千个单糖分子。典型的例子包括淀粉和纤维素等。
糖类化合物与人类生活息息相关,是人体获取能量的主要来源之一。此外,它们在药物领域也扮演着重要角色,例如病人可能需要使用葡萄糖注射液或右旋糖酐进行血浆制剂,而某些中药中的糖类成分如茯苓次聚糖、猪苓多糖和香菇多糖具有抗癌活性。
糖是绿色植物光合作用的主要产物之一,并且是维持动植物生命活动所需能量的重要来源。此外,它们也是人类饮食中不可或缺的组成部分,在工业上更是扮演着重要角色,应用于建筑、造纸、制药及食品等多个领域。近年来,关于糖类化合物的研究呈现出两个主要方向:一是化学家致力于人工合成糖类化合物以长远考虑社会的发展需求;二是探索糖与生命过程之间的关系,揭示在生物体内糖与其他分子如蛋白质和核酸的相互作用机制。
随着科学技术的进步,人们对糖类化合物的认识也在不断深入。未来,这些研究有望为人类提供新的食品来源及药物开发方向。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-脱氧-L-核糖 | 2-deoxy-L-ribose | 18546-37-7 | C5H10O4 |
| 2-脱氧-D-苏式戊糖 | <i>DL</i>-<i>threo</i>-2-deoxy-pentose | 533-67-5 | C5H10O4 |
| 2-脱氧-D-核糖 | 2-Deoxy-D-ribose | 533-67-5 | C5H10O4 |
| 2-脱氧-D-半乳糖 | 2-deoxy-D-galactose | 1949-89-9 | C6H12O5 |
| 2-脱氧-2-苯二酰亚胺-1,3,4,6-四-氧-乙酰-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖 | 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β-D-glucopyranose | 10022-13-6 | C22H23NO11 |
| 2-脱氧-2-氟-D-葡萄糖 | 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose | 29702-43-0 | C6H11FO5 |
| 2-脱氧-2-氟-1,3,5-三苯甲酰基-alpha-D-阿拉伯呋喃糖 | 1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-arabinofuranose | 97614-43-2 | C26H21FO7 |
| 2-脱氧-2-N-邻苯二甲酰亚胺基-1,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-D-吡喃葡萄糖 | 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-desoxy-2-phthalimido-β-D-glucopyranosid | 10022-13-6 | C22H23NO11 |
| 2-脱氧-2,2-二氟戊呋喃糖-1-酮 3,5-二安息香酸盐 | 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-D-erythro-pentofuranos-1-ulose-3,5-dibenzoate | 122111-01-7 | C19H14F2O6 |
| 2-脱氧-2,2-二氟-D-呋喃核糖基-3,5-二甲苯酰基-1-甲磺酸酯(β型) | 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-D-erythro-pentofuranose-3,5-dibenzoate-1-methanesulfonate | 134877-43-3 | C20H18F2O8S |
| 2-脱氧-2,2-二氟-3,5-二苯甲酰基-D-呋喃核糖 | 3,5-di-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-D-α-ribofuranose | 143157-22-6 | C19H16F2O6 |
| 2-硝基苯基-Β-D-纤维二糖苷 | o-nitrophenyl-β-D-cellobioside | 70867-33-3 | C18H25NO13 |
| 2-硝基苯基-BETA-D-木糖苷 | 2-nitrophenyl β-D-xylopyranoside | 10238-27-4 | C11H13NO7 |
| 2-硝基苯基-6-O-三苯甲基-Β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷 | o-nitrophenyl 6-O-trityl-β-D-galactopyranoside | 114102-89-5 | C31H29NO8 |
| 2-硝基苯基-2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | o-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside | 13264-92-1 | C14H18N2O8 |
| 2-硝基苯基 alpha-D-半乳糖苷 | 2-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside | 369-07-3 | C12H15NO8 |
| 2-硝基苯--Β-吡喃半乳糖苷 | p-nitrophenyl β-L-fucopyranoside | 22153-71-5 | C12H15NO7 |
| 2-甲氧基-4-乙烯硝基苯-N-乙酰-B-D-氨基葡萄糖苷 | N-[(2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy-5-[(E)-2-nitroethenyl]-2-phenoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide | 70622-74-1 | C17H22N2O9 |
| 2-甲基苯基2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-BETA-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | <i>o</i>-tolyl-(2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside) | 263746-45-8 | C15H21NO6 |
| 2-氯-4-硝基苯基-β-D-麦芽三糖糖苷 | 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-maltotrioside | 165522-16-7 | C24H34ClNO18 |
| 2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-纤维二糖 | 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl cellobioside | 135743-28-1 | C18H24ClNO13 |
| 2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-神经酰胺乳糖苷 | 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl β-D-lactoside | 120583-41-7 | C18H24ClNO13 |
| 2-氯-4-硝基苯基-beta-d-半乳糖吡喃糖苷 | (2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl) β-D-galactopyranoside | 123706-60-5 | C12H14ClNO8 |
| 2-氯-4-硝基苯基-2,3,4,6-四邻乙酰基-beta-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷 | (2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl) 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | 35023-71-3 | C20H22ClNO12 |
| 2-氯-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖 | 2-chloro-2-deoxy-D-glucose | 14685-79-1 | C6H11ClO5 |
| 2-氨基苯基-BETA-D-葡萄糖醛酸 | o-Aminophenyl beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid | 15959-03-2 | C12H15NO7 |
| 2-氨基-2-脱氧-D-半乳糖盐酸盐 | 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose hydrochloride | 1772-03-8 | C6H13NO5*ClH |
| 2-氨基-2-脱氧-4-O-beta-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡萄糖 | (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-amino-3,5,6-trihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexanal | 13000-25-4 | C12H23NO10 |
| 2-叠氮基-2-脱氧-D-半乳糖 | 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-galactose | 68733-26-6 | C6H11N3O5 |
| 2-叠氮-2-脱氧-1,3,4,6-四-氧-乙酰-Alpha-D-吡喃甘露糖 | 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranoside | 68733-20-0 | C14H19N3O9 |
| 2-去氧-N-苯基-L-赤式戊呋喃糖基胺 | 2-deoxy-L-ribose anilide | 104578-89-4 | C11H15NO3 |
| 2-乙酰胺基-2-脱氧-D-半乳糖 | N-acetyl-D-galactosamine | 14215-68-0 | C8H15NO6 |
| 2-乙酰氨基-3,4,6-三-O-苄基-2-脱氧-Β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酰基叠氮化物 | 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl azide | 214467-60-4 | C29H32N4O5 |
| 2-乙酰氨基-3,4,6-三-O-乙酰基-2-脱氧-Β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酰基叠氮化物 | 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl azide | 6205-69-2 | C14H20N4O8 |
| 2-乙酰氨基-3,4,6-三-O-乙酰-2-脱氧-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖酰基氯 | Acetic acid (2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetoxy-2-acetoxymethyl-5-acetylamino-6-chloro-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl ester | 3068-34-6 | C14H20ClNO8 |
| 2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖胺 | D-N-acetylglucosamine | 14131-68-1 | C8H15NO6 |
| 2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-b-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷辛酯 | octyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside | 147126-58-7 | C16H31NO6 |
| 2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-alpha-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷苄酯 | benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside | 13343-67-4 | C15H21NO6 |
| 2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-Alpha-D-吡喃糖 | N-acetyl-D-glucosamine | 10036-64-3 | C8H15NO6 |
| 2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-6-o-(beta-d-氟代半乳糖)-d-吡喃葡萄糖 | N-Acetyl-allolactosamin | 50787-10-5 | C14H25NO11 |
| 2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-3,4,6-O-三乙酰基-beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖异硫氰酸酯 | 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate | 20590-45-8 | C15H20N2O8S |
| 2-乙酰氨基-1,3,4,6-O-四乙酰基-2-脱氧-alpha-D-吡喃葡萄糖 | 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranosyl acetate | 14086-90-9 | C16H23NO10 |
| 2-乙酰氧基-3-O-(2-乙酰氧基-2-脱氧-B-D-吡喃糖苷)-2-脱氧-A-D-半乳糖苷-4-硝基苯酯 | p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside | 125455-64-3 | C22H31N3O13 |
| 2-O型(2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-Β-D-吡喃葡萄糖)-D-甘露糖 | N-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide | 34621-73-3 | C14H25NO11 |
| 2-O-alpha-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-D-半乳糖 | 2-O-(α-Glucopyranosyl)-D-galactose | 7368-73-2 | C12H22O11 |
| 2-C-甲基-D-核糖酸-1,4-内酯 | 2-C-methyl-D-ribono-1,4-lactone | 492-30-8 | C6H10O5 |
| 2-(乙酰氨基)-6-O型[2-(乙酰氨基)-2-脱氧-Β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-2-脱氧-Α-D-半乳糖 | beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1->6)-D-GalpNAc | 452316-31-3 | C16H28N2O11 |
| 2-(乙酰氧基甲基)-6-叠氮基四氢-2H-吡喃-3,4,5-三基三乙酸酯 | 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-azido-1-deoxy-β-D-mannopyranose | 65864-60-0 | C14H19N3O9 |
| 2-(1’-咪唑磺酰氧基)-1,3,5-三苯甲酰氧基-alpha-D-呋喃核糖 | 2-O-(imidazolylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-ribofuranose | 97614-42-1 | C29H24N2O10S |
| 2,6-二脱氧-2-氟-L-吡喃半乳糖三乙酸酯 | (3S,4R,5R,6S)-3-fluoro-6-methyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4,5-triyl triacetate | 188783-78-0 | C12H17FO7 |