糖类化合物
糖类化合物是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的有机物，在化学结构上表现为多羟基醛酮及其衍生物的聚合物。这些物质广泛存在于植物界，是植物体的主要组成成分之一，在植物的生理和生化过程中发挥着重要作用。
根据其结构的不同，糖类可以分为单糖（如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖等）、双糖（如蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等）以及多糖（如淀粉、肝糖元、肌糖元等）。单糖是最简单的碳水化合物，它们是不能进一步被水解的含有多个羟基的醛或酮，习惯上称为醛糖和酮糖。例如，葡萄糖是一种己醛糖，果糖则为己酮糖，核糖则是戊醛糖。一般而言，单糖中的碳原子数目不超过10个，在自然界中主要存在的单糖是5至6个碳原子的化合物。
双糖是由两个分子的单糖结合后脱去一分子水形成的；而多糖是由数百乃至数千个葡萄糖分子组成的聚合物。当多糖被彻底水解时，会生成数千个单糖分子。典型的例子包括淀粉和纤维素等。
糖类化合物与人类生活息息相关，是人体获取能量的主要来源之一。此外，它们在药物领域也扮演着重要角色，例如病人可能需要使用葡萄糖注射液或右旋糖酐进行血浆制剂，而某些中药中的糖类成分如茯苓次聚糖、猪苓多糖和香菇多糖具有抗癌活性。
糖是绿色植物光合作用的主要产物之一，并且是维持动植物生命活动所需能量的重要来源。此外，它们也是人类饮食中不可或缺的组成部分，在工业上更是扮演着重要角色，应用于建筑、造纸、制药及食品等多个领域。近年来，关于糖类化合物的研究呈现出两个主要方向：一是化学家致力于人工合成糖类化合物以长远考虑社会的发展需求；二是探索糖与生命过程之间的关系，揭示在生物体内糖与其他分子如蛋白质和核酸的相互作用机制。
随着科学技术的进步，人们对糖类化合物的认识也在不断深入。未来，这些研究有望为人类提供新的食品来源及药物开发方向。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —— | Heparitin sulfate | 9050-30-0 | C14H25NO21S3 |
|
| —— | trans-3-Hydroxycotinine glucuronide | 132929-88-5 | C16H20N2O8 |
|
| —— | (2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxane-3,4-diol | 39300-87-3 | C14H26O11 |
|
| —— | Glc4Me(a1-4)a-Glc1Me | 9005-82-7 | C14H26O11 |
|
| —— | L-ThreonicAcidCalciumSalthydrate | 70753-61-6 | C8H16CaO11 |
|
| —— | Dtxcid3028637 | 1811-31-0 | C8H15NO6 |
|
| —— | (3S)-2,3-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butane-1,4-diol;(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol | 148244-82-0 | C26H38O12 |
|
| —— | (2-Hydroxypropyl)-|A-cyclodextrin | 128446-35-5 | C63H112O42 |
|
| —— | 3-fluoro-<i>D</i>-3-deoxy-xylose | 14537-01-0 | C5H9FO4 |
|
| —— | (5xi)-1-O-Dodecanoyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranose | 64395-91-1 | C18H34O7 |
|
| —— | L(+)-Arabinose | 87-72-9 | C5H10O5 |
|
| —— | (4R,6R)-5-acetamido-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)oxane-2-carboxylic acid | 131-48-6 | C11H19NO9 |
|
| —— | (3aR,5S,6aS)-5-((R)-2,2-Dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-dihydro-furo[2,3-d][1,3]dioxole-6,6-diol | 10578-85-5 | C12H20O7 |
|
| —— | Undecyl2-acetamido-2-deoxy-B-D-glucopyranoside | 152914-68-6 | C19H37NO6 |
|
| —— | 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl a-D-maltopyranoside | 177966-52-8 | C20H25BrClNO11 |
|
| —— | Disodium D-mannose 6-phosphate | 33068-18-7 | C6H11Na2O9P |
|
| —— | Undecyl b-D-thiomaltopyranoside | 148565-57-5 | C23H44O10S |
|
| —— | beta-D-Glucopyranose, 6-(dihydrogen phosphate), monosodium salt | 84332-92-3 | C6H12NaO9P |
|
| —— | Sodium (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylate | 83833-12-9 | C16H15NaO7 |
|
| —— | sodium;(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanoate | 31138-65-5 | C7H13NaO8 |
|
| —— | 2-Methylbutan-2-yl 2-acetamido-2-deoxyhexopyranoside | 262849-66-1 | C13H25NO6 |
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| —— | d-Fructose, 1-(dihydrogen phosphate), disodium salt | 71662-09-4 | C6H11Na2O9P |
|
| —— | (2R,3R,4R)-2,3,4-Trihydroxy-5-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate, disodium salt | 18265-46-8 | C5H9Na2O8P |
|
| —— | Pharmakon1600-01505436 | 81025-04-9 | C12H24O11 |
|
| —— | D-Raffinose Pentahydrate | 17629-30-0 | C18H32O16.5H2O |
|
| —— | 4-Aminophenyl 4-O-beta-D-threo-hexopyranosyl-beta-D-threo-hexopyranoside | 42935-24-0 | C18H27NO11 |
|
| —— | (2S,4S,5S)-2-{[(2S,3R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-YL]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 35405-71-1 | C12H20O10 |
|
| —— | 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-D-threo-hexopyranose | 61330-61-8 | C34H36O6 |
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| —— | (4S,5S)-6-[[(2S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol | 499-40-1 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | (2S,4S,5S)-2-hexylsulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 85618-19-5 | C12H24O5S |
|
| —— | Gal(a1-6)Hex | 585-99-9 | C12H22O11 |
|
| —— | Sodium (3S,4R,5R)-6-((hydrogenphosphonato)oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-oxohexyl phosphate octahydrate | 81028-91-3 | C6H27Na3O20P2 |
|
| —— | Sodium (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroxyheptanoate | 31138-65-5 | C7H13NaO8 |
|
| —— | Methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose | 9032-42-2 | C34H66O24 |
|
| —— | 4-Nitrophenyl maltopentaoside | 66068-38-0 | C36H55NO28 |
|
| —— | (1S,3R,5R,6S,8R,10R,11S,13R,15R,16S,18R,20R,21S,23R,25R,26S,28S,30S,31R,33S,35R,36R,37R,38S,39S,40R,41R,42R,43R,44R,45R,46R,47R,48R,49R)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol | 7585-39-9 | C42H70O35 |
|
| —— | 2-Naphthyl B-D-glucuronide sodium salt | 20838-64-6 | C16H15NaO7 |
|
| —— | gamma-Cyclodextrin hydrate | 91464-90-3 | C48H82O41 |
|
| —— | [(1R,3R,5R,6R,8R,10R,11R,13R,15R,16R,18R,20R,21R,23R,25R,26R,28R,30R,31R,33R,35R,36R,37S,38R,39S,40R,41S,42R,43S,44R,45S,46R,47S,48R,49S)-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecaacetyloxy-10,15,20,25,30,35-hexakis(acetyloxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontan-5-yl]methyl acetate | 23739-88-0 | C84H112O56 |
|
| —— | N-(3,5-Dimethyltricyclo[3.3.1.1~3,7~]decan-1-yl)-4-O-alpha-L-erythro-hexopyranosyl-beta-D-threo-hexopyranosylamine | 1159637-28-1 | C24H41NO10 |
|
| —— | 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-L-glucose | 134451-94-8 | C8H15NO6 |
|
| —— | Kojic dipalmitate | 79725-98-7 | C37H64O6 |
|
| —— | zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1S,2S)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate | 9000-07-1 | C23H23FN4O7Zn |
|
| —— | Sucrose 6'-Acetate, Technical grade 80% | 936001-72-8 | C14H24O12 |
|
| —— | D-Xylonic acid--water (1/1) | 72656-08-7 | C5H12O7 |
|
| —— | 4-Nitrophenyl 2-Acetamido-3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside | 125455-64-3 | C22H31N3O13 |
|
| —— | Glucosamine Sulfate | 14999-43-0 | C12H28N2O14S |
|
| —— | (2S,3R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol | 585-88-6 | C12H24O11 |
|
| —— | (2S,5R)-2-[[(3S,6R)-6-[(2S,4S,5S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol;pentahydrate | 17629-30-0 | C18H42O21 |
|
| —— | Calcium L-Threonate | 70753-61-6 | C8H14CaO10 |
|
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