糖类化合物
糖类化合物是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的有机物，在化学结构上表现为多羟基醛酮及其衍生物的聚合物。这些物质广泛存在于植物界，是植物体的主要组成成分之一，在植物的生理和生化过程中发挥着重要作用。
根据其结构的不同，糖类可以分为单糖（如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖等）、双糖（如蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等）以及多糖（如淀粉、肝糖元、肌糖元等）。单糖是最简单的碳水化合物，它们是不能进一步被水解的含有多个羟基的醛或酮，习惯上称为醛糖和酮糖。例如，葡萄糖是一种己醛糖，果糖则为己酮糖，核糖则是戊醛糖。一般而言，单糖中的碳原子数目不超过10个，在自然界中主要存在的单糖是5至6个碳原子的化合物。
双糖是由两个分子的单糖结合后脱去一分子水形成的；而多糖是由数百乃至数千个葡萄糖分子组成的聚合物。当多糖被彻底水解时，会生成数千个单糖分子。典型的例子包括淀粉和纤维素等。
糖类化合物与人类生活息息相关，是人体获取能量的主要来源之一。此外，它们在药物领域也扮演着重要角色，例如病人可能需要使用葡萄糖注射液或右旋糖酐进行血浆制剂，而某些中药中的糖类成分如茯苓次聚糖、猪苓多糖和香菇多糖具有抗癌活性。
糖是绿色植物光合作用的主要产物之一，并且是维持动植物生命活动所需能量的重要来源。此外，它们也是人类饮食中不可或缺的组成部分，在工业上更是扮演着重要角色，应用于建筑、造纸、制药及食品等多个领域。近年来，关于糖类化合物的研究呈现出两个主要方向：一是化学家致力于人工合成糖类化合物以长远考虑社会的发展需求；二是探索糖与生命过程之间的关系，揭示在生物体内糖与其他分子如蛋白质和核酸的相互作用机制。
随着科学技术的进步，人们对糖类化合物的认识也在不断深入。未来，这些研究有望为人类提供新的食品来源及药物开发方向。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| —— | (2R,3R,5S,6R)-2-(6-bromonaphthalen-2-yl)oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 25696-57-5 | C16H17BrO6 |
| —— | Dipotassium glucose-6-phosphate | 5996-17-8 | C6H11K2O9P |
| —— | Glucose 6-(disodium phosphate) | 3671-99-6 | C6H11Na2O9P |
| —— | (5-Acetamido-3,4-diacetyloxy-6-chlorooxan-2-yl)methyl acetate | 3068-34-6 | C14H20ClNO8 |
| —— | (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyhexanal | 3371-50-4 | C18H32O16 |
| —— | d-Glucose, 6-(dihydrogen phosphate), barium salt | 58823-95-3 | C6H11BaO9P |
| —— | 3-O-Benzyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose | 18685-18-2 | C19H26O6 |
| —— | Glucuronamid | 3789-97-7 | C6H11NO6 |
| —— | 2-Methoxyneuraminic acid | 56144-08-2 | C10H19NO8 |
| —— | (3R,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(methylthio)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 155-30-6 | C7H14O5S |
| —— | Calcium D-Arabonate | 22373-09-7 | C10H18CaO12 |
| —— | 1-Naphthylglucoside | 19939-82-3 | C16H18O6 |
| —— | Galactose 1-phosphate Potassium salt | 19046-60-7 | C6H11K2O9P |
| —— | Barium (2R,3R,4R)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-oxopentyl phosphate | 15673-79-7 | C5H9BaO8P |
| —— | 1-Deoxy-1-nitrohexitol | 14199-83-8 | C6H13NO7 |
| —— | 4'-Nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside | 10357-27-4 | C12H15NO8 |
| —— | sucrose acetate isobutyrate | 126-13-6 | C40H62O19 |
| —— | (1S,3R,5R,6S,8R,10R,11S,13R,15R,16S,18R,20R,21S,23R,25R,26S,28R,30R,31S,33R,35R,36R,37R,38R,39R,40R,41R,42R,43R,45R,46R,47R,48R,49R)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol | 7585-39-9 | (C6H10O5)7 |
| —— | D-glucose 6-(sodium hydrogenphosphate) | 84332-92-3 | C6H12O9P*Na |
| —— | Ferrous gluconate dihydrate | 299-29-6 | C12H26FeO16 |
| —— | D-Glucoheptose | 62475-58-5 | C7H14O7 |
| —— | nonyl thioglucopyranoside | 98854-15-0 | C15H30O5S |
| —— | 4-Methylumbelliferon-β-D-xylosid | 77471-44-4 | C15H16O7 |
| —— | 4,4-Dimethyl-3,5,9,11-tetraoxatricyclo[6.2.1.02,6]undecan-7-ol | 52579-97-2 | C9H14O5 |
| —— | [5-(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6-yl] methanesulfonate | 5450-26-0 | C13H22O8S |
| —— | Cellulose triacetate | 9012-09-3 | C40H54O27 |
| —— | 4,6-O-Ethylidene-D-glucopyranose | 13224-99-2 | C8H14O6 |
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-nitrophenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 7493-95-0 | C12H15NO8 |
| —— | [3,4-Bis(phenylmethoxy)-5-(phenylmethoxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl] 4-nitrobenzoate | 81025-70-9 | C33H31NO8 |
| —— | 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-D-glucose | 132732-60-6 | C27H30O5 |
| —— | 3,4,5-Tris(phenylmethoxy)oxan-2-ol | 18039-26-4 | C26H28O5 |
| —— | n-hexyl 1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside | 85618-19-5 | C12H24O5S |
| —— | (2-Tert-butyl-3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazinan-4-yl)(4-nitrophenyl)methanone | 50259-99-9 | C20H23N3O4 |
| —— | D-glucose 6-phosphate (Na) | 54010-71-8 | C6H12O9P*Na |
| —— | 2-(4-Nitrophenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 2001-96-9 | C11H13NO7 |
| —— | (3,5-Dibenzoyloxy-4-imidazol-1-ylsulfonyloxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl benzoate | 97614-42-1 | C29H24N2O10S |
| —— | iron(2+);(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate;hydrate | 699014-53-4 | C12H24FeO15 |
| —— | <i>O</i><sup>1</sup>-phosphono-β-<i>D</i>-ribofuranose; compound with cyclohexylamine | 38180-21-1 | C5H11O8P*2C6H13N |
| —— | D-Lactose monohydrate | 64044-51-5 | C12H24O12 |
| —— | 3,4,5-tris(benzyloxy)-2-(benzyloxymethyl)-6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran | 53008-63-2 | C35H38O6 |
| —— | Allyl-β-D-glucosylacetat | 10343-15-4 | C17H24O10 |
| —— | (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile | 29883-15-6 | C20H27NO11 |
| —— | [(3aR,5S,6R,6aR)-5-[(4S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2,2-dimethyl-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6-yl] methanesulfonate | 5450-26-0 | C13H22O8S |
| —— | (1R,2S,6R,8R)-4,4-dimethyl-3,5,9,11-tetraoxatricyclo[6.2.1.02,6]undecan-7-ol | 52579-97-2 | C9H14O5 |
| —— | (1R,3R,6S,8R,11S,13R,16S,18R,21S,23R,26S,28S,30R,31R,33S,35R,40S,41S,42S,43S,44S,45S,46R,47S,48R,49S)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(2-hydroxypropoxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol | 128446-35-5 | C63H112O42 |
| —— | alpha-D-Galactose 1-phosphate dipotassium salt pentahydrate | 19046-60-7 | C6H21K2O14P |
| —— | (5-Acetamido-3,4-diacetyloxy-6-propan-2-yloxyoxan-2-yl)methyl acetate | 7772-85-2 | C17H27NO9 |
| —— | Octylthioglucoside | 85618-21-9 | C14H28O5S |
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-prop-2-enoxyoxane-3,4,5-triol | 7464-56-4 | C9H16O6 |
| —— | Calcium di-L-arabinonate | 5346-83-8 | C5H10CaO6+2 |
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