糖类化合物
糖类化合物是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的有机物，在化学结构上表现为多羟基醛酮及其衍生物的聚合物。这些物质广泛存在于植物界，是植物体的主要组成成分之一，在植物的生理和生化过程中发挥着重要作用。
根据其结构的不同，糖类可以分为单糖（如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖等）、双糖（如蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等）以及多糖（如淀粉、肝糖元、肌糖元等）。单糖是最简单的碳水化合物，它们是不能进一步被水解的含有多个羟基的醛或酮，习惯上称为醛糖和酮糖。例如，葡萄糖是一种己醛糖，果糖则为己酮糖，核糖则是戊醛糖。一般而言，单糖中的碳原子数目不超过10个，在自然界中主要存在的单糖是5至6个碳原子的化合物。
双糖是由两个分子的单糖结合后脱去一分子水形成的；而多糖是由数百乃至数千个葡萄糖分子组成的聚合物。当多糖被彻底水解时，会生成数千个单糖分子。典型的例子包括淀粉和纤维素等。
糖类化合物与人类生活息息相关，是人体获取能量的主要来源之一。此外，它们在药物领域也扮演着重要角色，例如病人可能需要使用葡萄糖注射液或右旋糖酐进行血浆制剂，而某些中药中的糖类成分如茯苓次聚糖、猪苓多糖和香菇多糖具有抗癌活性。
糖是绿色植物光合作用的主要产物之一，并且是维持动植物生命活动所需能量的重要来源。此外，它们也是人类饮食中不可或缺的组成部分，在工业上更是扮演着重要角色，应用于建筑、造纸、制药及食品等多个领域。近年来，关于糖类化合物的研究呈现出两个主要方向：一是化学家致力于人工合成糖类化合物以长远考虑社会的发展需求；二是探索糖与生命过程之间的关系，揭示在生物体内糖与其他分子如蛋白质和核酸的相互作用机制。
随着科学技术的进步，人们对糖类化合物的认识也在不断深入。未来，这些研究有望为人类提供新的食品来源及药物开发方向。
| 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 | 化学式 | 结构式图片 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| —— | 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-(alpha-L-arabinopyranosyloxy)-4-methyl- | 69414-26-2 | C15H16O7 |
|
| —— | N-(2-Dodecyloxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-3-yl)-acetamide | 147025-06-7 | C20H39NO6 |
|
| —— | 2-Nitrophenyl beta-D-cellobioside | 70867-33-3 | C18H25NO13 |
|
| —— | D-Glucuro-3,6-lactone | 32449-92-6 | C6H8O6 |
|
| —— | D-Glucitol, 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl- | 585-88-6 | C12H24O11 |
|
| —— | Malvidin 3-arabinoside | 679429-95-9 | C22H23ClO11 |
|
| —— | alpha-D-Galactopyranose, 1-(dihydrogen phosphate), potassium salt (1:2) | 19046-60-7 | C6H15K2O11P |
|
| —— | Disodium glucose-6-phosphate trihydrate | 3671-99-6 | C6H17Na2O12P |
|
| —— | [2-Propanoyloxy-2-[3,4,5-tri(propanoyloxy)oxolan-2-yl]ethyl] propanoate | 307531-77-7 | C21H32O11 |
|
| —— | 2-[3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-[3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol | 9012-72-0 | C18H32O14 |
|
| —— | 4-Fluoro-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-2,3-diol | 14537-01-0 | C5H9FO4 |
|
| —— | D-Fructose, 6-(dihydrogen phosphate), disodium salt | 71662-09-4 | C6H11Na2O9P |
|
| —— | (3-(Benzoyloxy)-4,4-difluoro-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl benzoate | 122111-01-7 | C19H14F2O6 |
|
| —— | 3-[3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-7-bromo-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide | 3395-37-7 | C26H27BrN2O8 |
|
| —— | GlcNAc1-beta-3GalNAc | 95673-98-6 | C16H28N2O11 |
|
| —— | 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-undecoxyoxane-3,4,5-triol | 70005-86-6 | C17H34O6 |
|
| —— | N-[2-[5-acetamido-3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-nitrophenoxy)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide | 125455-64-3 | C22H31N3O13 |
|
| —— | 2-[(5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)oxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | 171869-92-4 | C14H15BrClNO5 |
|
| —— | d-Mannoheptose | 7634-39-1 | C7H14O7 |
|
| —— | Acetobromocellobiose | 14257-35-3 | C26H35BrO17 |
|
| —— | 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-1,2-dideoxy-D-arabino-hex-1-enopyranose | 55628-54-1 | C27H28O4 |
|
| —— | Sucroferric oxyhydroxide | 8047-67-4 | C12H29Fe5Na2O23 |
|
| —— | 2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid, 7-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9,10-dihydro-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxo- | 1260-17-9 | C22H20O13 |
|
| —— | Isomaltonic acid | 534-74-7 | C12H22O12 |
|
| —— | D-Ribose 1-phosphate cyclohexylamine salt | 58459-37-3 | C17H37N2O8P |
|
| —— | 1-Deoxy-1-morpholinofructose | 6291-16-3 | C10H19NO7 |
|
| —— | beta-D-xylo-Hexofuranose, pentapropanoate, (5xi)-(9CI) | 307531-77-7 | C21H32O11 |
|
| —— | 1-N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-β-D-galactopyranosylamine | 38822-56-9 | C12H24N2O6 |
|
| —— | 2-C-methyl-DL-ribono-1,4-lactone | 492-30-8 | C6H10O5 |
|
| —— | 2-C-methyl-DL-arabinono-1,4-lactone | 492-30-8 | C6H10O5 |
|
| —— | isoidide | 641-74-7 | C6H10O4 |
|
| —— | N-Acetylneuraminsaeure-methylester | 20298-35-5 | C12H21NO9 |
|
| —— | methyl(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranose) | 20298-35-5 | C12H21NO9 |
|
| —— | (3R,4R,5R)-3,4-Bis(benzyloxy)-5-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl acetate | 58381-23-0 | C28H30O6 |
|
| —— | 2-Naphthyl β-D-glucosid | 6044-30-0 | C16H18O6 |
|
| —— | 1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-α-L-arabinofuranose | 7473-41-8 | C26H22O8 |
|
| —— | (6-bromo-[2]naphthyl)-β-D-ribopyranoside | 69594-75-8 | C15H15BrO5 |
|
| —— | p-Aminophenyl-glucosid | 3398-86-5 | C12H17NO6 |
|
| —— | p-Aminophenyl-mannosid | 3398-86-5 | C12H17NO6 |
|
| —— | 2'-nitrophenyl β-xylobioside | 157956-98-4 | C16H21NO11 |
|
| —— | (3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,4,5-tris(phenylmethoxy)-6-(phenylmethoxymethyl)oxane | 67525-68-2 | C41H42O7 |
|
| —— | D-xylonic acid ; calcium compound | 72656-08-7 | 2C5H9O6*Ca |
|
| —— | (2S)-5-acetamido-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)oxane-2-carboxylic acid | 131-48-6 | C11H19NO9 |
|
| —— | alpha-D-Lactose monohydrate, ACS | 64044-51-5 | C12H22O11.H2O |
|
| —— | (1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,13R,16S,18R,21S,23R,26S,28R,31S,33R,37S,39S,41S,43S,45S,47S,49S)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol | 7585-39-9 | C42H70O35 |
|
| —— | (2R,5R)-5-acetamido-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)oxane-2-carboxylic acid | 131-48-6 | C11H19NO9 |
|
| —— | GlcNAc beta(1-3)GalNAc-alpha-pNP | 125455-64-3 | C22H31N3O13 |
|
| —— | sodium;N-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl)sulfamate | 38899-05-7 | C6H12NNaO8S |
|
| —— | Sodium naphthalen-2-yl hexopyranosiduronate | 20838-64-6 | C16H15NaO7 |
|
| —— | 6-Chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-cellobioside | 425427-87-8 | C20H26ClNO11 |
|
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