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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 生物化工 糖类化合物

    糖类化合物

    糖类化合物是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的有机物，在化学结构上表现为多羟基醛酮及其衍生物的聚合物。这些物质广泛存在于植物界，是植物体的主要组成成分之一，在植物的生理和生化过程中发挥着重要作用。

    根据其结构的不同，糖类可以分为单糖（如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖等）、双糖（如蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等）以及多糖（如淀粉、肝糖元、肌糖元等）。单糖是最简单的碳水化合物，它们是不能进一步被水解的含有多个羟基的醛或酮，习惯上称为醛糖和酮糖。例如，葡萄糖是一种己醛糖，果糖则为己酮糖，核糖则是戊醛糖。一般而言，单糖中的碳原子数目不超过10个，在自然界中主要存在的单糖是5至6个碳原子的化合物。

    双糖是由两个分子的单糖结合后脱去一分子水形成的；而多糖是由数百乃至数千个葡萄糖分子组成的聚合物。当多糖被彻底水解时，会生成数千个单糖分子。典型的例子包括淀粉和纤维素等。

    糖类化合物与人类生活息息相关，是人体获取能量的主要来源之一。此外，它们在药物领域也扮演着重要角色，例如病人可能需要使用葡萄糖注射液或右旋糖酐进行血浆制剂，而某些中药中的糖类成分如茯苓次聚糖、猪苓多糖和香菇多糖具有抗癌活性。

    糖是绿色植物光合作用的主要产物之一，并且是维持动植物生命活动所需能量的重要来源。此外，它们也是人类饮食中不可或缺的组成部分，在工业上更是扮演着重要角色，应用于建筑、造纸、制药及食品等多个领域。近年来，关于糖类化合物的研究呈现出两个主要方向：一是化学家致力于人工合成糖类化合物以长远考虑社会的发展需求；二是探索糖与生命过程之间的关系，揭示在生物体内糖与其他分子如蛋白质和核酸的相互作用机制。

    随着科学技术的进步，人们对糖类化合物的认识也在不断深入。未来，这些研究有望为人类提供新的食品来源及药物开发方向。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 4-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-α-D-galactopyranose 80446-85-1 C12H22O11
    4-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-α-D-galactopyranose
    —— (3S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,4R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol 528-50-7 C12H22O11
    (3S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,4R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— citrate (Si)-synthase 9027-96-7 —— ——
    —— Methyl5-Aminopyridine-2-Carboxylate 144110-43-0 C14H12BrClNO7-
    Methyl5-Aminopyridine-2-Carboxylate
    —— (1R,2R,3R,4R,5S)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,3,4-triol 644-76-8 C6H10O5
    (1R,2R,3R,4R,5S)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,3,4-triol
    —— [(E)-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-ylidene]amino] N-phenylcarbamate 132489-69-1 C15H19N3O7
    [(E)-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-ylidene]amino] N-phenylcarbamate
    —— 6-Chloro-1H-indol-3-yl hexopyranosiduronate 138182-20-4 C14H13ClNO7-
    6-Chloro-1H-indol-3-yl hexopyranosiduronate
    —— (2S,3S,4R,5R)-1,1-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-hexane-2,3,4,5-tetraol 6748-70-5 C10H22O4S2
    (2S,3S,4R,5R)-1,1-Bis-ethylsulfanyl-hexane-2,3,4,5-tetraol
    —— 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diyl diacetate 3945-18-4 C9H12O5
    3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diyl diacetate
    —— Dtxcid003697 10310-32-4 C29H34O6
    Dtxcid003697
    —— 2-[[3-[2-[(3,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 9012-36-6 C24H38O19
    2-[[3-[2-[(3,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— 5-Hydroxy-2,3,4,6-tetrakis(phenylmethoxy)hexanal 53081-25-7 C34H36O6
    5-Hydroxy-2,3,4,6-tetrakis(phenylmethoxy)hexanal
    —— 2,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxyhexanal 2490-91-7 C6H12O5
    2,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxyhexanal
    —— 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-chloroglucose 14257-40-0 C14H19ClO9
    2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-chloroglucose
    —— 2-[(5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 93863-88-8 C14H15BrClNO6
    2-[(5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— 2-Phenylethyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside 63407-54-5 C14H20O5S
    2-Phenylethyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside
    —— Sodium (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-((4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylate 89157-94-8 C16H15NaO9
    Sodium (2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-((4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylate
    —— N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate disodium salt 102029-88-9 C8H15NNaO9P
    N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate disodium salt
    —— 2-({[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-({[4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)-6-(methoxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 9057-02-7 C23H42O16
    2-({[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-({[4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)-6-(methoxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— alpha-Glucosylhesperidin 161713-86-6 C34H44O20
    alpha-Glucosylhesperidin
    —— Mellibiose 585-99-9 C12H22O11
    Mellibiose
    —— beta-D-Glucopyranose, 1,6-anhydro-, triacetate 13242-55-2 C12H16O8
    beta-D-Glucopyranose, 1,6-anhydro-, triacetate
    —— glucosamine sulfate 14999-43-0 C6H13NO5*H2O4S
    glucosamine sulfate
    —— Maltulose H2O 207511-09-9 C12H24O12
    Maltulose H2O
    —— 2-phenylethyl β-D-thiogalactoside 63407-54-5 C14H20O5S
    2-phenylethyl β-D-thiogalactoside
    —— 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-glucuronide sodium salt 129541-41-9 C14H12BrClNNaO7
    5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-glucuronide sodium salt
    —— (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol hydrate 34004-14-3 C7H16O7
    (2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol hydrate
    —— 5h-Thieno[2,3-c]pyran-3-carboxamide, 4,7-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-2-[[(phenylamino)carbonyl]amino]- 6155-35-7 C17H19N3O3S
    5h-Thieno[2,3-c]pyran-3-carboxamide, 4,7-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-2-[[(phenylamino)carbonyl]amino]-
    —— 5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl beta-D-galactopyranoside 1174456-59-7 C14H15BrClNO6
    5-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl beta-D-galactopyranoside
    —— N-[5-[(4S)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide 35061-50-8 C16H28N2O11
    N-[5-[(4S)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide
    —— 4-aminophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside 31302-52-0 C12H17NO6
    4-aminophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside
    —— 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose 498-07-7 C6H10O5
    1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose
    —— N-Acetyl-muraminsaeure 10597-89-4 C11H19NO8
    N-Acetyl-muraminsaeure
    —— 1,2-O-cyclohexylidene-3-O-methyl-α-D-glucofuranose 13322-87-7 C13H22O6
    1,2-O-cyclohexylidene-3-O-methyl-α-D-glucofuranose
    —— methyl 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside 6748-91-0 C28H26O8
    methyl 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside
    —— Methyl-α-D-altropyranosid 97-30-3 C7H14O6
    Methyl-α-D-altropyranosid
    —— α-Methyl-L-idosid 97-30-3 C7H14O6
    α-Methyl-L-idosid
    —— methyl β-D-talopyranoside 97-30-3 C7H14O6
    methyl β-D-talopyranoside
    —— 4,6-O-benzylidene-D-glucal 63598-36-7 C13H14O4
    4,6-O-benzylidene-D-glucal
    —— methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-altropyranoside 3162-96-7 C14H18O6
    methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-altropyranoside
    —— α-Methyl-4,6-O-benzyliden-D-altrosid 3162-96-7 C14H18O6
    α-Methyl-4,6-O-benzyliden-D-altrosid
    —— methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-galactopyranoside 3162-96-7 C14H18O6
    methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-galactopyranoside
    —— methyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-gulopyranoside 3162-96-7 C14H18O6
    methyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-gulopyranoside
    —— Methyl-4,6-O-benzyliden-α-D-allopyranosid 3162-96-7 C14H18O6
    Methyl-4,6-O-benzyliden-α-D-allopyranosid
    —— Methyl-4,6-O-(phenylmethylene)-β-D-mannopyranoside 3162-96-7 C14H18O6
    Methyl-4,6-O-(phenylmethylene)-β-D-mannopyranoside
    —— Methyl-4,6-O-benzyliden-β-D-galactopyranosid 3162-96-7 C14H18O6
    Methyl-4,6-O-benzyliden-β-D-galactopyranosid
    —— (2S,4aR,6S,7S,8S,8aS)-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-4,4a,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxine-7,8-diol 3162-96-7 C14H18O6
    (2S,4aR,6S,7S,8S,8aS)-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-4,4a,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxine-7,8-diol
    —— (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(3R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
    (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(3R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile
    —— Glc(a1-4)L-Glc(a1-4)L-Glc 1109-28-0 C18H32O16
    Glc(a1-4)L-Glc(a1-4)L-Glc
    —— L-Glc(a1-6)L-Glc(a1-6)L-Glc 3371-50-4 C18H32O16
    L-Glc(a1-6)L-Glc(a1-6)L-Glc