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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 生物化工 糖类化合物

    糖类化合物

    糖类化合物是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的有机物，在化学结构上表现为多羟基醛酮及其衍生物的聚合物。这些物质广泛存在于植物界，是植物体的主要组成成分之一，在植物的生理和生化过程中发挥着重要作用。

    根据其结构的不同，糖类可以分为单糖（如葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖等）、双糖（如蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等）以及多糖（如淀粉、肝糖元、肌糖元等）。单糖是最简单的碳水化合物，它们是不能进一步被水解的含有多个羟基的醛或酮，习惯上称为醛糖和酮糖。例如，葡萄糖是一种己醛糖，果糖则为己酮糖，核糖则是戊醛糖。一般而言，单糖中的碳原子数目不超过10个，在自然界中主要存在的单糖是5至6个碳原子的化合物。

    双糖是由两个分子的单糖结合后脱去一分子水形成的；而多糖是由数百乃至数千个葡萄糖分子组成的聚合物。当多糖被彻底水解时，会生成数千个单糖分子。典型的例子包括淀粉和纤维素等。

    糖类化合物与人类生活息息相关，是人体获取能量的主要来源之一。此外，它们在药物领域也扮演着重要角色，例如病人可能需要使用葡萄糖注射液或右旋糖酐进行血浆制剂，而某些中药中的糖类成分如茯苓次聚糖、猪苓多糖和香菇多糖具有抗癌活性。

    糖是绿色植物光合作用的主要产物之一，并且是维持动植物生命活动所需能量的重要来源。此外，它们也是人类饮食中不可或缺的组成部分，在工业上更是扮演着重要角色，应用于建筑、造纸、制药及食品等多个领域。近年来，关于糖类化合物的研究呈现出两个主要方向：一是化学家致力于人工合成糖类化合物以长远考虑社会的发展需求；二是探索糖与生命过程之间的关系，揭示在生物体内糖与其他分子如蛋白质和核酸的相互作用机制。

    随着科学技术的进步，人们对糖类化合物的认识也在不断深入。未来，这些研究有望为人类提供新的食品来源及药物开发方向。

    下级分类

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    —— 74135-10-7 C12H22NaO35S8
    —— L-Glc(a1-4)[L-Glc(a1-6)]L-Glc(a1-4)a-L-Glc 9005-79-2 C24H42O21
    L-Glc(a1-4)[L-Glc(a1-6)]L-Glc(a1-4)a-L-Glc
    —— [(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[(1R,3R,4R,5S,8S)-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(1R,3S,4R,5S,8S)-3-hydroxy-4-sulfonatooxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-3-sulfonatooxyoxan-4-yl]oxy-4-sulfonatooxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] sulfate 9062-07-1 C24H34O31S4-4
    [(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[(1R,3R,4R,5S,8S)-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(1R,3S,4R,5S,8S)-3-hydroxy-4-sulfonatooxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-3-sulfonatooxyoxan-4-yl]oxy-4-sulfonatooxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] sulfate
    —— 5-Brom-4-chlor-3-indolyl-β-D-glucopyranosid 7240-90-6 C14H15BrClNO6
    5-Brom-4-chlor-3-indolyl-β-D-glucopyranosid
    —— 2-Acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-D-glucose 35061-50-8 C16H28N2O11
    2-Acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-D-glucose
    —— Uridine 5'-diphosphogalactose disodium salt 137868-52-1 C15H22N2Na2O17P2
    Uridine 5'-diphosphogalactose disodium salt
    —— D-GLUCOSAMINE-OXIME HYDROCHLORIDE 54947-34-1 C6H14N2O5*ClH
    D-GLUCOSAMINE-OXIME HYDROCHLORIDE
    —— methyl 4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-5-(acetylamino)-2,3,5-trideoxy-2,3-didehydro-L-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosidonate 73960-72-2 C20H27NO12
    methyl 4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-5-(acetylamino)-2,3,5-trideoxy-2,3-didehydro-L-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosidonate
    —— [(4aS,8aR,8bS)-2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-4a,5,8a,8b-tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[3,4]furo[1,3-d][1,3]dioxin-3a-yl]methanol 17682-70-1 C12H20O6
    [(4aS,8aR,8bS)-2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-4a,5,8a,8b-tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[3,4]furo[1,3-d][1,3]dioxin-3a-yl]methanol
    —— D-Ribulose-5-phosphate (sodium salt) 18265-46-8 C5H9O8P*2Na
    D-Ribulose-5-phosphate (sodium salt)
    —— 2-Chlor-4-nitrophenyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosid 35023-71-3 C20H22ClNO12
    2-Chlor-4-nitrophenyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosid
    —— 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine-beta-D-glucuronide sodium salt 133525-01-6 C16H20N5NaO10
    3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine-beta-D-glucuronide sodium salt
    —— (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]amino]oxane-3,4,5-triol 62983-70-4 C10H19NO8
    (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]amino]oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— Sucrose octasulfate (potassium salt) 73264-44-5 C12H22KO35S8
    Sucrose octasulfate (potassium salt)
    —— O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-glucitol 6918-42-9 C18H34O16
    O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-glucitol
    —— D-arabinoic acid calcium salt 5346-83-8 2C5H9O6*Ca
    D-arabinoic acid calcium salt
    —— 2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-isothiocyanatophenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol 20581-41-3 C13H15NO6S
    2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-isothiocyanatophenoxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— Acetic acid (2R,3S,4R,5R)-3-acetoxy-2-acetoxymethyl-5-acetylamino-6-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl ester 132152-78-4 C14H20N2O9
    Acetic acid (2R,3S,4R,5R)-3-acetoxy-2-acetoxymethyl-5-acetylamino-6-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl ester
    —— β-D-Mannose-1,2-<methyl-orthoacetat>-3,4,6-triacetat 3254-16-8 C15H22O10
    β-D-Mannose-1,2-<methyl-orthoacetat>-3,4,6-triacetat
    —— 3-O-Acetyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-a-D-galactofuranose 16713-80-7 C14H22O7
    3-O-Acetyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-a-D-galactofuranose
    —— 114870-03-0 C31H53N3NaO49S8
    —— 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-a-D-allofuranose 2595-05-3 C12H20O6
    1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-a-D-allofuranose
    —— 1-{4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-3-((2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy]-2,6-dihydroxy-phenyl}-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one 20702-77-6 C28H36O15
    1-{4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-3-((2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy]-2,6-dihydroxy-phenyl}-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one
    —— 2,4-O-Benzylidene-D-glucitol 61340-09-8 C13H18O6
    2,4-O-Benzylidene-D-glucitol
    —— Hpi5FB7ogu 99749-54-9 C6H11Na2O9P
    Hpi5FB7ogu
    —— 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal;hydrate 5996-10-1 C6H14O7
    2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal;hydrate
    —— 15'(=α)-Acetyldigoxin 5511-98-8 C43H66O15
    15'(=α)-Acetyldigoxin
    —— α-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-α-D-glucopyranoside 470-69-9 C18H32O16
    α-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-α-D-glucopyranoside
    —— 1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-D-mannopyranose 13100-46-4 C14H20O10
    1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-D-mannopyranose
    —— methyl 2-O-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside 25577-40-6 C16H20O7
    methyl 2-O-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside
    —— D-Fructose-1,6-diphoshate calcium salt 126-34-1 C6H10O12P2*2Ca
    D-Fructose-1,6-diphoshate calcium salt
    —— 2,3:4,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-2-keto-L-gulonic acid 68539-16-2 C12H20O8
    2,3:4,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-2-keto-L-gulonic acid
    —— galactitol; dulcitol 12441-09-7 C6H14O6*OPb
    galactitol; dulcitol
    —— D-allo-[2]heptulose 654-29-5 C7H14O7
    D-allo-[2]heptulose
    —— Methyl-b-cyclodextrin 128446-36-6 C54H94O35
    Methyl-b-cyclodextrin
    —— <i>O</i><sup>6</sup>-phosphono-D-gluconic acid ; trisodium-compound 53411-70-4 C6H10O10P*3Na
    <i>O</i><sup>6</sup>-phosphono-D-gluconic acid ; trisodium-compound
    —— (2S,4S,5S)-2-(4-aminoimidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol 9013-34-7 C11H14N4O4
    (2S,4S,5S)-2-(4-aminoimidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol
    —— (3R,4R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3S,4S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol 9005-84-9 C12H22O11
    (3R,4R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3S,4S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-1,2-O-<1-ethoxy-ethyliden>-β-D-altropyranose 3254-15-7 C16H24O10
    3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-1,2-O-<1-ethoxy-ethyliden>-β-D-altropyranose
    —— 1-chloro-2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-D-erythro-pentofuranose 3601-89-6 C21H21ClO5
    1-chloro-2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-D-erythro-pentofuranose
    —— Acetic acid (4aS,6R,7R,7aR)-6-hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-7-yl ester 70128-28-8 C11H18O6
    Acetic acid (4aS,6R,7R,7aR)-6-hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-7-yl ester
    —— (2R,6R)-2-methyl-6-[[(2S)-2-(sulfanyloxymethyl)-2H-furan-5-yl]oxy]-2,6-dihydropyran 74135-10-7 C12H14O35S8*8Na
    (2R,6R)-2-methyl-6-[[(2S)-2-(sulfanyloxymethyl)-2H-furan-5-yl]oxy]-2,6-dihydropyran
    —— [(2S,4S)-3-acetyloxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl] acetate 34819-86-8 C10H14O5
    [(2S,4S)-3-acetyloxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl] acetate
    —— (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-6-(((2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)hexanal hydrate 66009-10-7 C12H22O11.H2O
    (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-6-(((2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)hexanal hydrate
    —— β-glycyrrhizinic acid trisodium salt 11052-19-0 C42H59O16*3Na
    β-glycyrrhizinic acid trisodium salt
    —— methyl (2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-α-L-idopyranosyl bromide)uroate 6919-98-8 C13H17BrO9
    methyl (2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-α-L-idopyranosyl bromide)uroate
    —— Ethyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-thio-α-D-rhamnopyranoside 145124-97-6 C11H20O4S
    Ethyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-thio-α-D-rhamnopyranoside
    —— 4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside 124167-45-9 C24H27NO11
    4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside
    —— [(2R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-phenylsulfanyloxan-2-yl]methyl acetate 13992-16-0 C20H24O9S
    [(2R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-phenylsulfanyloxan-2-yl]methyl acetate
    —— 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl isothiocyanate 132413-50-4 C35H27NO9S
    2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl isothiocyanate