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    首页 分子通 按物质功能分类 生物化工 糖类化合物 多糖

    多糖

    凡能水解成多个单糖分子或其衍生物的糖为多糖。它是由二十个至数万个单糖分子缩合、脱水而成的大分子化合物。多糖可以由一种单糖组成，如淀粉、纤维素等称为同聚多糖；也可以由不同单糖或其衍生物缩合而成，例如半纤维素，则被称为杂聚多糖。

    自然界中，植物、动物和微生物都含有丰富的多糖。除了以游离形式存在外，多糖也常与蛋白质结合形成复合物。植物多糖的共同特点是天然性、保健价值及独特的水溶性胶体特性，这赋予食品较高的营养价值、稳定的组织结构以及优良的外观和口感，并延长了其货架期。

    天然植物多糖对人体更为安全，吸收率更高。例如魔芋中的葡甘聚糖，这是一种极好的水溶性膳食纤维，具有饱腹感、降血脂、降血糖及通便等保健功能。尽管植物多糖本身不提供热量，但它对高热量、高脂肪和高蛋白的饮食结构有平衡营养的作用。

    因此，亲水性的植物多糖常被称为植物胶，它们能够为食品生产加工提供增稠剂、凝胶剂、成膜剂及乳化剂等多种稳定剂。有效开发和利用植物多糖将有助于提升人类的生活质量、改善健康水平，并丰富食物资源，从而创造更多的经济价值。

    淀粉是储存在植物体内的多糖，由直链淀粉和支链淀粉两种成分构成。在淀粉颗粒中，直链淀粉占比20～28%，其余为支链淀粉。直链淀粉由约250至300个D-葡萄糖分子通过α 1,4糖苷键连接而成，并卷曲成螺旋结构，具有一个非还原性末端和一个还原性末端，其分子量差异很大，从数千到150,000不等。直链淀粉遇碘呈蓝色反应，这是由于螺旋内部为分子碘占据所致。

    支链淀粉由24至30个D-葡萄糖分子通过α 1,4和α 1,6糖苷键连接而成，形成类似灌木丛的结构。动物消化道中的α淀粉酶（存在于唾液及胰液中）可以随机作用于α 1,4糖苷键，将直链淀粉水解成麦芽糖和葡萄糖；植物中的β淀粉酶则在直链淀粉非还原性末端起作用，生成麦芽糖。支链淀粉同样可被α和β淀粉酶作用，但靠近分枝点的α 1,4和α 1,6糖苷键不被这些酶水解，在α淀粉酶及1,6葡萄糖苷酶共同作用下，支链淀粉完全水解为葡萄糖和麦芽糖。

    琼脂糖是琼脂的重要组成部分，由D-半乳糖与3,6脱水半乳糖构成的单位重复缩合而成。琼脂糖在沸水中大量溶解，但当温度降至40℃以下时则成不溶性凝胶。这种琼脂糖凝胶常用作层析的支持体，通过氢键将半乳多糖链交联形成，因此在过于酸碱环境中不稳定。

    相关化合物

    中文名称 英文名称 CAS号 化学式 结构式图片
    醋酸丙酸纤维素酯 Cellulose, acetate propanoate 9004-39-1 C76H114O49
    醋酸丙酸纤维素酯
    邻氯苯亚甲基丙二腈 citrate synthase (unknown stereospecificity) 9027-96-7 —— ——
    西佐喃 Schizophyllan 9050-67-3 C24H42O21
    西佐喃
    葡聚糖凝胶LH-20 methyl 1-acetyl-1H-thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole-5-carboxylate 9041-37-6 C9H8N2O3S
    葡聚糖凝胶LH-20
    葡聚糖凝胶 6'-Iodononivamide 859171-97-4 C17H26INO3
    葡聚糖凝胶
    菊粉 Inulin (by Enzymatic synthesis) 9005-80-5 C228H382O191
    菊粉
    肝素锂 Heparin lithium salt 9045-22-1 C14H25NO20S3
    肝素锂
    羧甲基醚纤维素钠盐 Carmellose sodium 9004-32-4 C8H16NaO8
    羧甲基醚纤维素钠盐
    羧甲基纤维素 7H 9000-11-7 C8H16O8
    羧甲基纤维素
    羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯 imiqimod 99011-02-6 C14H16N4
    羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯
    糊精棕榈酸酯 (3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol;hexadecanoic acid 83271-10-7 C34H64O18
    糊精棕榈酸酯
    糊精 Dextrin 9004-53-9 C18H32O16
    糊精
    直链淀粉 maltotriose 9005-82-7 C18H32O16
    直链淀粉
    甲基羟乙基纤维素 ethane-1,2-diol;(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol;(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)-5-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxane 9032-42-2 C34H66O24
    甲基羟乙基纤维素
    琼脂糖 Agarose 9012-36-6 C24H38O19
    琼脂糖
    琼脂 Agar 9002-18-0 C14H24O9
    琼脂
    果胶 β-D-galactopyranosiduronic acid 9000-69-5 C6H10O7
    果胶
    支链淀粉 6<sup>2</sup>-α-maltosyl-maltotriose (α-re) 9037-22-3 C30H52O26
    支链淀粉
    小菌核(SCLEROTIUMROLFSSII)胶 Scleroglucan 39464-87-4 C24H44O20P2
    小菌核(SCLEROTIUMROLFSSII)胶
    壳聚糖 Chitosan 9012-76-4 C56H103N9O39
    壳聚糖
    半乳甘露聚糖 6-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-mannopyranose 11078-30-1 C18H32O16
    半乳甘露聚糖
    全氨基倍他环糊精 heptakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin 30754-24-6 C42H77N7O28
    全氨基倍他环糊精
    乙基纤维 Ethyl cellulose 9004-57-3 C20H38O11
    乙基纤维
    三乙酸纤维素 O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1->4)-O-(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1->4)-1,2,3,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose 9012-09-3 C40H54O27
    三乙酸纤维素
    O-[2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-3-O-(2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-β GlcNAc beta(1-3)GalNAc-alpha-Thr 286959-52-2 C20H35N3O13
    O-[2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-3-O-(2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-β
    BETA-1,3-葡聚糖 (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-[(2S,3R,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol 9012-72-0 C18H32O14
    BETA-1,3-葡聚糖
    ALFHA-酸性蛋白糖 Glycoprotein 66455-27-4 C28H47N5O18
    ALFHA-酸性蛋白糖
    6A-叠氮基-6A-脱氧-β-环糊精 mono(6-azido-6-deoxy)β-cyclodextrin 98169-85-8 C42H69N3O34
    6A-叠氮基-6A-脱氧-β-环糊精
    3-[3,5-二羟基-6-(羟基甲基)-4-[3,4,5-三羟基-6-(羟基甲基)四氢吡喃-2-基]氧基-四氢吡喃-2-基]氧基-2,4,5,6-四羟基-己醛 3-[3,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyhexanal 3256-04-0 C18H32O16
    3-[3,5-二羟基-6-(羟基甲基)-4-[3,4,5-三羟基-6-(羟基甲基)四氢吡喃-2-基]氧基-四氢吡喃-2-基]氧基-2,4,5,6-四羟基-己醛
    2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖胺 D-N-acetylglucosamine 14131-68-1 C8H15NO6
    2-乙酰氨基-2-脱氧-beta-D-吡喃葡萄糖胺
    2,3,4,5,6,7-六羟基庚醛 D-glycero-L-gluco-heptose 23102-92-3 C7H14O7
    2,3,4,5,6,7-六羟基庚醛
    —— ZINC;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate 9000-07-1 C23H23FN4O7Zn
    ZINC;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate
    —— (1S,3R,5R,6S,8R,10R,11S,13R,15R,16S,18R,20R,21S,23R,25R,26S,28R,30R,31S,33R,35R,36R,37R,38R,39R,40R,41R,42R,43R,45R,46R,47R,48R,49R)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol 7585-39-9 (C6H10O5)7
    (1S,3R,5R,6S,8R,10R,11S,13R,15R,16S,18R,20R,21S,23R,25R,26S,28R,30R,31S,33R,35R,36R,37R,38R,39R,40R,41R,42R,43R,45R,46R,47R,48R,49R)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol
    —— Cellulose triacetate 9012-09-3 C40H54O27
    Cellulose triacetate
    —— (1R,3R,6S,8R,11S,13R,16S,18R,21S,23R,26S,28S,30R,31R,33S,35R,40S,41S,42S,43S,44S,45S,46R,47S,48R,49S)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(2-hydroxypropoxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol 128446-35-5 C63H112O42
    (1R,3R,6S,8R,11S,13R,16S,18R,21S,23R,26S,28S,30R,31R,33S,35R,40S,41S,42S,43S,44S,45S,46R,47S,48R,49S)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(2-hydroxypropoxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol
    —— 2-[3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-[3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol 9012-72-0 C18H32O14
    2-[3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-[3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol
    —— (1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,13R,16S,18R,21S,23R,26S,28R,31S,33R,37S,39S,41S,43S,45S,47S,49S)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol 7585-39-9 C42H70O35
    (1S,3R,6S,8R,11S,13R,16S,18R,21S,23R,26S,28R,31S,33R,37S,39S,41S,43S,45S,47S,49S)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol
    —— Heparitin sulfate 9050-30-0 C14H25NO21S3
    Heparitin sulfate
    —— Glc4Me(a1-4)a-Glc1Me 9005-82-7 C14H26O11
    Glc4Me(a1-4)a-Glc1Me
    —— (2-Hydroxypropyl)-|A-cyclodextrin 128446-35-5 C63H112O42
    (2-Hydroxypropyl)-|A-cyclodextrin
    —— Methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose 9032-42-2 C34H66O24
    Methyl 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose
    —— (1S,3R,5R,6S,8R,10R,11S,13R,15R,16S,18R,20R,21S,23R,25R,26S,28S,30S,31R,33S,35R,36R,37R,38S,39S,40R,41R,42R,43R,44R,45R,46R,47R,48R,49R)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol 7585-39-9 C42H70O35
    (1S,3R,5R,6S,8R,10R,11S,13R,15R,16S,18R,20R,21S,23R,25R,26S,28S,30S,31R,33S,35R,36R,37R,38S,39S,40R,41R,42R,43R,44R,45R,46R,47R,48R,49R)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-tetradecol
    —— gamma-Cyclodextrin hydrate 91464-90-3 C48H82O41
    gamma-Cyclodextrin hydrate
    —— zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1S,2S)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate 9000-07-1 C23H23FN4O7Zn
    zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1S,2S)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate
    —— xylopentaose 49694-20-4 C25H42O21
    xylopentaose
    —— Maltooctaose 6156-84-9 C48H82O41
    Maltooctaose
    —— citrate (Si)-synthase 9027-96-7 —— ——
    —— 2-[[3-[2-[(3,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 9012-36-6 C24H38O19
    2-[[3-[2-[(3,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— 2-({[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-({[4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)-6-(methoxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 9057-02-7 C23H42O16
    2-({[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-({[4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)oxan-3-yl]methoxy}methyl)-6-(methoxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
    —— alpha-Glucosylhesperidin 161713-86-6 C34H44O20
    alpha-Glucosylhesperidin